Isolation, Endemism, and Multiplication of Species in the Darwin Finches

Hamilton, Terrell H.; Rubinoff, Ira

doi:10.2307/2407090

Cited by 27 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The recent focus of attention on islands as ecological microcosms, and the proposal of the equilibrium theory of island species number (MacArthur andWilson, 1963, 1967;Hamilton and Rubinoff, 1963;MacArthur, 1972) has led to renewed interest in the overwater dispersal abilities of organisms. It therefore seems natural to ask whether isolation-by-distance is influencing the number of ant species present on The Thimble Islands.…”

Section: Species Number In Relation To Overwater Dispersalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Island Biogeography of Ants

Goldstein

1975

Evolution

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Section: Species Number In Relation To Overwater Dispersalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along with the new focus on species-area relations provided by MacArthur andWilson (1963, 1967) and Hamilton and Rubinoff ( 1963) came the idea that ecological mechanisms basic to all communities could best be elucidated in the simple communities present on islands.…”

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confidence: 99%

Island Biogeography of Ants

Goldstein

1975

Evolution

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“…While several previous investigators have examined whether more isolated islands are more likely to have endemic bird species (Hamilton and Rubinoff 1963, Mayr 1965, Adler 1992, none have looked at whether endemic species are more vulnerable to endangerment or extinction on more remote islands.…”

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confidence: 99%

Patterns of endemic extinctions among island bird species

Biber¹

2002

Ecography

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The relationship between island biogeography and the vulnerability of island biota to extinction as a result of human activities was examined. In particular, this study analyzed whether island area, maximum elevation of an island, isolation from the nearest continental landmass, or date of human colonization had statistically significant relationships with the proportion of endemic island bird species that have become endangered or extinct. The study examined islands or island groups with endemic bird species, and which have never been connected to a continental landmass. Both modern and fossil bird species were incorporated into the analysis. Islands that were colonized by humans earliest had the lowest proportion of modern species alone, and modern and fossil species combined, that have gone extinct. However, date of human arrival was not correlated with the proportion of modern species that are endangered. Maximum elevation of an island was negatively correlated with the proportion of modern species that are extinct, and was positively correlated with the proportion of modern species that are endangered. Area was negatively correlated with the proportion of modern species that are endangered. Isolation of islands was not significantly correlated with the proportion of modern species extinct or endangered, but was positively correlated with the proportion of modern and fossil species combined that have gone extinct. These results indicate that the initial spasm of island bird extinctions due to human contact may have, in part, passed. They also indicate that bird species on islands colonized earliest by humans may have had more time to adapt to the presence of man and his commensal species, resulting in reduced extinction rates.

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“…not previously considered; and (iii) utilized new models or estimating equations involving transformations of the arithmetic values of the primary measurements of the V's or X's to their logarithmic counterparts in nonlinear or joint linear-nonlinear variation. Below we summarize results of such a comparative multiple-regression analysis, and, following this, a statement is made of the bearing of the new information on our previous conclusions (Hamilton and Rubinoff, 1963). Data for the V's and the four X's are from our previous report, and the new factors (Xr., X.)…”

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confidence: 92%

“…Data for the V's and the four X's are from our previous report, and the new factors (Xr., X. ) are from a comparable study of plant species abundance in the archipelago (Hamilton et al, 1963).…”

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On Models Predicting Abundance of Species and Endemics for the Darwin Finches in the Galápagos Archipelago

Hamilton

Rubinoff

1964

Evolution

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339In a previous report to this journal (1963) we made conclusions on the processes of speciation and production of endemics among the Darwin finches in the Galapagos Archipelago. The conclusions were inferred from multiple-regression analysis wherein four independent variables of the insular environment were quantified and tested for respective abilities to predict species data. The analysis was an attempt by linear regression to discover (a) the environmental determinants of insular variation in the species numbers (Y ,) and (b) the determinants of such variation for numbers of endemic subspecies (Y2 ) . Insular area (X,) and number of land plant species (X2 ) -presumably indexing ecologic and floristic diversity-were found lacking in power to "push" or "move" the dependent variables (the Y's). Isolation, measured by distance between islands (X3) and by distance from a given island to Indefatigable Island near the center of the archipelago (X,), was the major predictor of number of species and endemics for islands, with X 3 being more important than X, in terms of contribution to Y variances (~y2). For both problem a and b, however, a component (~dy2) of the variance remained unaccounted for by regression of the V's on the X's, and this was attributed to error inherent to the analysis, to factors not considered, or to both.1 Publication supported by the U. S. Public Health Service.To decrease the values of~dy2, we have (i) shifted from use of desk calculator to digital computer analysis; (ii) included in the analysis new environmental factors (Xr., X.) not previously considered; and (iii) utilized new models or estimating equations involving transformations of the arithmetic values of the primary measurements of the V's or X's to their logarithmic counterparts in nonlinear or joint linear-nonlinear variation. Below we summarize results of such a comparative multiple-regression analysis, and, following this, a statement is made of the bearing of the new information on our previous conclusions (Hamilton and Rubinoff, 1963). Data for the V's and the four X's are from our previous report, and the new factors (Xr., X.) are from a comparable study of plant species abundance in the archipelago (Hamilton et al., 1963). The first is multiple linear regression and the last three are examples of multiple nonlinear analyses. With inclusion of new factors, the number of

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Isolation, Endemism, and Multiplication of Species in the Darwin Finches

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Island Biogeography of Ants

Island Biogeography of Ants

Patterns of endemic extinctions among island bird species

On Models Predicting Abundance of Species and Endemics for the Darwin Finches in the Galápagos Archipelago

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