Isolation of Cronobacter spp. isolates from infant formulas and their survival in the production process of infant formula

Fu, Songzhe; Gao, Jianxin; Liu, Ying; Chen, Haiying

doi:10.17221/255/2010-cjfs

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…More importantly for neonatal health, Cronobacter spp. have been isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) and milk powder production factories (11)(12)(13). Consequently, they can cause severe neonatal infections through the ingestion of contaminated PIF, especially in low-birth-weight infants (14,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping and Source Tracking of Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus Isolates from Powdered Infant Formula and an Infant Formula Production Factory in China

Peng

Man

Lou

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

dCronobacter spp. (formerly defined as Enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic bacterial pathogens of both infants and adults. In this study, we analyzed 70 Cronobacter isolates from powdered infant formula (PIF) and an infant formula production facility in China to determine possible contamination routes. The strains were profiled by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR-based O-antigen serotyping, and ompA and rpoB sequence analyses. The isolates were primarily Cronobacter sakazakii (66/70) or Cronobacter malonaticus (4/70). The strains were divided into 38 pulsotypes (PTs) using PFGE and 19 sequence types (STs) by MLST. In contrast, rpoB and ompA sequence analyses divided the strains into 10 overlapping clusters each. PCR serotyping of the 66 C. sakazakii and 4 C. malonaticus strains resulted in the identification of four C. sakazakii serotypes (O1, O2, O4, and O7) and a single C. malonaticus serotype, O2. The dominant C. sakazakii sequence types from PIF and an infant formula production factory in China were C. sakazakii clonal complex 4 (CC4) (n ‫؍‬ 19), ST1 (n ‫؍‬ 14), and ST64 (n ‫؍‬ 11). C. sakazakii CC4 is a clonal lineage strongly associated with neonatal meningitis. In the process of manufacturing PIF, the spray-drying, fluidized-bed-drying, and packing areas were the main areas with Cronobacter contamination. C. sakazakii strains with the same pulsotypes (PT3 and PT2) and sequence types (ST1 and ST64) were isolated both from processing equipment and from the PIF finished product.C ronobacter (formerly defined as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a diverse genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae. These organisms are Gram-negative, motile, facultatively anaerobic, nonspore-forming peritrichous rod-shaped opportunistic bacterial pathogens (1-3). The genus consists of seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. muytjensii, C. dublinensis, C. universalis, and C. condimenti (4). Of these, C. sakazakii has been associated primarily with neonatal infections and C. malonaticus with adult infections (5-7). Cronobacter spp. are adapted to a wide range of environments, such as water, soil, plant material (wheat, rice, herbs, and spices), food production environments, and various food products (8-10). More importantly for neonatal health, Cronobacter spp. have been isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) and milk powder production factories (11-13). Consequently, they can cause severe neonatal infections through the ingestion of contaminated PIF, especially in low-birth-weight infants (14, 15). Once infected by Cronobacter spp., patients may suffer from fatal necrotizing enterocolitis, septicemia, or meningitis, which can cause severe neurological sequelae, developmental disorders, and even death (16,17).Understanding the genetic diversity of the genus Cronobacter can ensure that accurate detection methods are applied for its detection and control, as well as for reliable microbial source tracking of contaminated foods such as infant formula (16)(...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping and Source Tracking of Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus Isolates from Powdered Infant Formula and an Infant Formula Production Factory in China

Peng

Man

Lou

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…have been isolated from powdered infant milk formulae, infant cereals, vegetables, ready-to-eat food, dried products, spices, meat, and eggs (reviewed by Friedemann 2007). Cronobacter strains are resistant to dry stress and alkaline environments of up to pH 10 but do not survive acid stress (pH < 4.0) and heating (Fu et al 2011). An effective method is desirable for reducing Cronobacter in foods by using natural antimicrobial substances, such as bacteriocins, essential oils, or antimicrobial lipids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial activities of medium-chain fatty acids and monoacylglycerols on Cronobacter sakazakii DBM 3157<sup>T</sup> and Cronobacter malonaticus DBM

Marounek¹,

Putthana²,

Benada³

et al. 2012

Czech J. Food Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Marounek M., Putthana V., Benada O., Lukešová D. (2012): Antimicrobial activities of mediumchain fatty acids and monoacylglycerols on Cronobacter sakazakii DBM 3157 T and Cronobacter malonaticus DBM 3148. Czech J. Food Sci., 30: 573-580.Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus are pathogens causing infections in children that are primarily linked to the consumption of contaminated infant milk formula and food. Both Cronobacter strains examined were susceptible to caprylic acid, monocaprylin and, to a lesser extent, sorbic acid. Capric acid, lauric acid, monosorbin, monocaprin, monolaurin, and sucrose caprate exhibited no inhibitory activity. Caprylic acid and monocaprylin treatment (2 mg/ml) of C. sakazakii DBM 3157T reduced the number of viable cells by five orders of magnitude. In the case of C. malonaticus DBM 3148, both caprylic acid and monocaprylin (2 mg/ml) decreased the viable cell counts below the limits of detection. The bactericidal activity of monocaprylin increased as a function of concentration (0.5-2.0 mg/ml) and temperature (40-55°C). The exposure of each Cronobacter strain to monocaprylin resulted in the release of cellular proteins and nucleic acids. Electron microscopy revealed that the antimicrobial treatment damaged cytoplasmic structures and resulted in cell aggregation. The combination of monocaprylin at 0.5 mg/ml and increased temperature (50°C) appears to be a suitable treatment against C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus.

show abstract

“…Edelson-Mammel et al (2006) showed that Enterobacter sakazakii (4.01C, 607, ATCC 29544, ATCC 51329, NQ1-Environ, NQ2-Environ, Environ NQ3, LCDC648, LCDC648, LCDC 674, CDC A3 (10), SK90, EWFAKRC11NNV1493) experienced a decrease in cells after 5 hrs of exposure to pH 3.0 and 3.5. Fu et al (2011) also found that Cronobacter NC041, NC1006, and NC830 could not survive at pH 3.0 and 3.5 (pH value <4.0) to 24 hrs of incubation. Additionally, Hsiao et al (2010) reported that C. sakazakii BCRC 13988 after 3 hrs of exposure to gastric acid simulations (pH 3.0) was more rapidly decreasing than that exposed to pH 3.5.…”

Section: Acid Stress Induction and Evaluation Of Cell Culture And Viamentioning

confidence: 92%

Cronobacter sakazakii local isolates response to acid stress and their resuscitability

Hati¹,

Dewanti‐Hariyadi²,

Nuraida³

2019

Food Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cronobacter spp. has been reported to cause meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in a group of infants through the consumption of powder infant formula. These bacteria are reported to withstand various stress conditions such as heating, drying, low water activity, low pH, etc. A local isolate of Cronobacter sakazakii YRt2a was reportedly survived and entered Viable But Non-Culturable (VBNC) conditions during desiccation stress. This study aims to study the behavior of local isolates of Cronobacter spp. in response to acid stress and its resuscitability. C. sakazakii E2 and YRt2a were grown in TSB at pH 3.0±0.2 or 3.5±0.2. The number of culturable cells and viable cells were enumerated by the Total Plate Count and Direct Viable Count methods, respectively. Resuscitation was done by growing the stress or VBNC cells in TSB with or without sodium pyruvate, catalase, Tween 20, or Cronobacter autoinducer. The results showed that C. sakazakii E2 and YRt2a entered VBNC state after 60 mins of exposure to pH 3.0±0.2, while remained culturable after 120 minutes exposure to pH 3.5±0.2. TSB with or without sodium pyruvate, catalase, Tween 20, or Cronobacter autoinducer could resuscitate the stress or VBNC cells of C. sakazakii. Stress or VBNC state experienced by C. sakazakii in response to acid tends to be transient and can be resuscitated. C. sakazakii experiencing stress or VBNC may pose a risk for food safety.

show abstract

Isolation of Cronobacter spp. isolates from infant formulas and their survival in the production process of infant formula

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Genotyping and Source Tracking of Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus Isolates from Powdered Infant Formula and an Infant Formula Production Factory in China

Genotyping and Source Tracking of Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus Isolates from Powdered Infant Formula and an Infant Formula Production Factory in China

Antimicrobial activities of medium-chain fatty acids and monoacylglycerols on Cronobacter sakazakii DBM 3157<sup>T</sup> and Cronobacter malonaticus DBM

Cronobacter sakazakii local isolates response to acid stress and their resuscitability

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About