Isolation of Ross River virus from mosquitoes and from horses with signs of musculoskeletal disease

Azuolas, J. K.; Wishart, Elwyn; Bibby, Summa; Ainsworth, Claire

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11511.x

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…annulipes. SASHV, by contrast, was isolated from Aedes vigilax , a significant vector of RRV, BFV and GGV (47, 48), that is highly abundant in salt marshes (45). Blood meal identification studies show that Ae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes

et al. 2014

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Viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. A metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in Australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. Sequence comparisons revealed strains of Liao Ning virus (Reovirus, Seadornavirus), previously detected only in China, livestock-infecting Stretch Lagoon virus (Reovirus, Orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdoviruses, named Beaumont and North Creek viruses, and two novel orthobunyaviruses, named Murrumbidgee and Salt Ash viruses. The novel virus proteomes diverged by ≥50% relative to their closest previously genetically characterized viral relatives. Deep sequencing also generated genomes of Warrego and Wallal viruses, orbiviruses linked to kangaroo blindness, whose genomes had not been fully characterized. This study highlights viral metagenomics in concert with traditional arbovirus surveillance to characterize known and new arboviruses in field-collected mosquitoes. Follow-up epidemiological studies are required to determine whether the novel viruses infect humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes

et al. 2014

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“…Of the natural hosts, only humans and horses are known to develop symptoms (Doherty et al, 1963(Doherty et al, , 1972Azuolas et al, 2003). The disease in humans is known as epidemic polyarthritis (EPA) (Shope & Anderson, 1960) and is characterized by polyarthralgia in the small joints, principally of the hands and feet, as well as fever, rash and a range of other non-specific signs and symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular evolutionary dynamics of Ross River virus and implications for vaccine efficacy

Jones

Lowry

Aaskov

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne member of the genus Alphavirus that causes epidemic polyarthritis in humans, costing the Australian health system at least US$10 million annually. Recent progress in RRV vaccine development requires accurate assessment of RRV genetic diversity and evolution, particularly as they may affect the utility of future vaccination. In this study, we provide novel RRV genome sequences and investigate the evolutionary dynamics of RRV from timestructured E2 gene datasets. Our analysis indicates that, although RRV evolves at a similar rate to other alphaviruses (mean evolutionary rate of approx. 8¾10"4 nucleotide substitutions per site year "1 ), the relative genetic diversity of RRV has been continuously low through time, possibly as a result of purifying selection imposed by replication in a wide range of natural host and vector species. Together, these findings suggest that vaccination against RRV is unlikely to result in the rapid antigenic evolution that could compromise the future efficacy of current RRV vaccines. INTRODUCTIONRoss River virus (RRV) is an alphavirus that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including marsupials, equids, rodents, birds and fruit bats, and has multiple mosquito vectors, including several Aedes species (reviewed by Russell, 2002). Of the natural hosts, only humans and horses are known to develop symptoms (Doherty et al., 1963(Doherty et al., , 1972Azuolas et al., 2003). The disease in humans is known as epidemic polyarthritis (EPA) (Shope & Anderson, 1960) and is characterized by polyarthralgia in the small joints, principally of the hands and feet, as well as fever, rash and a range of other non-specific signs and symptoms. Patients may be incapacitated for several weeks after infection, but symptoms diminish in severity in the ensuing 30-40 weeks, leading to a full recovery. Up to approximately 7800 cases are reported annually from Australia (Australian Department of Health and Ageing, 2009) and an epidemic of RRV infection in the Pacific in 1979 and 1980 resulted in tens of thousands of clinical infections (Aaskov et al., 1981;Rosen et al., 1981; Tesh et al., 1981). Importantly, the Pacific epidemic of 1979-1980 suggests strongly that RRV is not dependent on purely sylvatic transmission cycles, and that urban transmission cycles are both possible and expected.Recently, there has been considerable interest in developing a vaccine against RRV infection (Yu & Aaskov, 1994;Aaskov et al., 1997;Kistner et al., 2007) as there is no cure for EPA, because RRV infections appear to confer lifelong immunity against a second clinical infection (Fraser, 1986) and because EPA has been estimated to cost the Australian health system more than US$10 million annually in direct medical costs (Aaskov et al., 1998), with millions more spent on mosquito control. Effective vaccination, whether by live-attenuated virus or inactivated virus, such as the formaldehyde-inactivated virus vaccine currently in development (Kistner et al., 2007), requires that circulat...

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“…The detection of a RRV serum IgM titre, either alone or in combination with an IgG titre, is indicative of a recent infection. In general, an IgM response occurs 7 to 10 days post infection and peaks within 2 to 3 weeks, before rapidly declining as IgG becomes the dominant antibody 7 …”

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“…Although seroconversion to RRV is not uncommon in horses, reports of clinical disease associated with seroconversion or virus isolation have, to date, been sparse 1,6–9 . Furthermore, RRV has not been shown to cause clinical disease in horses.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…No clinical signs were reported in either of two infection trials comprising a total of 14 horses, 9,10 despite much anecdotal suspicion by equine veterinarians of RRV being capable of causing musculoskeletal disease. In 2003, Azuolas et al reported the testing of 750 submissions for RRV antibodies and virus in horses with musculoskeletal disease 7 . There has been an average of 350 such tests annually since; however, in years of high incidence of human infections the number of submissions has been approximately 1000 (JKA, DPI Attwood unpublished data).…”

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Disease suspected to be caused by Ross River virus infection of horses

El-Hage

McCluskey²,

Azuolas³

2008

Aust Veterinary J

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Ross River Virus (RRV) was believed to be the cause of acute illness in four horses around the Bellarine peninsula in south-west Victoria, Australia. The horses presented with clinical signs including petechial haemorrhages, lymphadenopathy, distal limb swelling and reluctance to move. Fibrinogen was also elevated in three of the four horses. Whilst no virus was isolated, serological testing revealed elevated RRV IgM titres in all horses indicating acute infection. The outbreak occurred at a time when a known RRV vector, the mosquito Aedes camptorhynchus was recorded at very high levels in the region. This report is one of very few to attribute specific signs of disease to RRV in horses in conjunction with serological evidence of infection.

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Isolation of Ross River virus from mosquitoes and from horses with signs of musculoskeletal disease

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes

Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes

Molecular evolutionary dynamics of Ross River virus and implications for vaccine efficacy

Disease suspected to be caused by Ross River virus infection of horses

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