Isophorone Diamine—A Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Production, Application, Prospects. A Review

Ткачук, А. І.; Zagora, A.G.; Terekhov, Ivan; Mukhametov, R. R.

doi:10.1134/s1995421222020289

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…23 Isophorone diamine, specifically, serves as an irreplaceable ingredient in the synthesis of polyurethane resins, produced on a hundred kiloton-per-year scale. 22 The results of Kikkawa et al 21 may open up new solid applications for these compounds in carbon capture and storage processes. However, to successfully employ these promising compounds industrially, high-quality thermodynamic data are required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To date, these compounds have been used as solvents, curing agents for epoxy resins, or building blocks for salen ligand organocatalysts . Isophorone diamine, specifically, serves as an irreplaceable ingredient in the synthesis of polyurethane resins, produced on a hundred kiloton-per-year scale . The results of Kikkawa et al may open up new solid applications for these compounds in carbon capture and storage processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic Study of Selected Cyclohexanediamines─Sorbents of Carbon Dioxide

Kocian,

Štejfa,

Vrbka

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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Atmospheric processes, especially those related to the greenhouse effect and gradual climate change, are crucial topics of the 21st century. The most abundant pollutant produced by a full spectrum of human activities is carbon dioxide. Carbon capture and storage/utilization (CCS/CCU) processes can serve as a means not only to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions but also to lower its atmospheric concentration to preindustrial times in the future, not to mention the possibility of direct application of captured carbon dioxide for other processes. Among CCS techniques, direct air capture of carbon dioxide (DAC) is a promising technology, but sorbents with sufficient absorption efficiency and feasible consecutive release are still to be searched for. The traditionally used amines and amino alcohols are not very effective, so alternatives are being sought. Recently, cyclohexane-based diamines have been shown to be promising substitutes; moreover, the captured carbon dioxide forms solid reaction products with the sorbents (carbamic acids) that can be easily separated from the process. The easy recovery of the liquid sorbents, together with the release of CO 2 for further use, represents a significant advantage over currently used technologies. Four cyclohexane-based diamines, including the most promising one of the previously tested compounds, isophorone diamine, were chosen for thorough thermodynamic characterization to facilitate the introduction of these compounds for industrial use. A phase behavior study was performed to determine the temperature range of their applicability. Combustion enthalpies were measured with a bomb calorimeter, and heat capacities were measured using a Tian-Calvet calorimeter. Vapor pressures were studied by means of a static method, and temperature-dependent enthalpies of vaporization were derived.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Study of Selected Cyclohexanediamines─Sorbents of Carbon Dioxide

Kocian,

Štejfa,

Vrbka

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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Synthesis of polyfunctional amines as curing agents and its effect on mechanical property of epoxy polymers

Kim

Jeon

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A curing agent is required to cure an epoxy resin, but a few curing agents also improve the mechanical properties of the resin. In addition, it is rare to find hardeners containing multiple amines, which can be used to form high crosslink densities. In this study, two different curing agents with six amine functional groups each were synthesized via a two-step reaction. In the first step, isophorone diamine (IPDI) was reacted with two equivalents of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). The resulting IPDI-PETA2 was reacted with ethylene diamine and 4,4 0 -diaminodiphenyl sulfone to form two amine curers with six amines each-IPDI-PETA2-ED (ED) and IPDI-PETA2-DDS (DDS). Both amines were added in varying amounts to an epoxy composition consisting of dicyandiamide and 2-methylimidazole to improve the mechanical properties compared with a reference epoxy composition. Mechanical studies showed that an epoxy composition containing 5% IPDI-PETA2-DDS improved the flexural strength by 34% and impact strength by 36.7%. Furthermore, adding 5% IPDI-PETA2-ED to the epoxy composition increased the flexural strength by 39.7%, to 197 MPa and the impact strength by 38.8% to 68 J/m. These results highlight the potential of curing agents containing multiple amines for improving the mechanical properties of epoxy resins.

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Supported Ionic Liquid‐Phase Materials (SILP) as a Multifunctional Group of Highly Stable Modifiers and Hardeners for Carbon and Flax Epoxy Composites

Zielinski,

Szpecht,

Kukawka

et al. 2024

ChemPlusChem

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This paper introduces a novel approach to enhance epoxy resin formulations by using SILP materials as multifunctional hardeners and fillers in composite structures reinforced with carbon and flax fibers. This study explores the integration of ionic liquids (ILs) onto a silica support structure, presenting various permutations involving silica selection, ionic liquid choice, and concentration. The focus of this study was to elucidate the influence of SILP on resin curing ability and the mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Detailed research was conducted, including Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analysis (BET) for SILP materials and curing characterization for epoxy resin formulations with different SILP materials. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the obtained composites were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis (SEM) (the force at break, the maximum elongation at break, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity). Through SILP incorporation, the mechanical properties of composites, including the modulus of elasticity and tensile strength, are substantially improved, a phenomenon akin to traditional filler effects. The findings highlight SILP materials as prospective candidates for concurrent hardening and filling roles within composites (through a single‐step procedure, with prolonged storage stability and controlled processing conditions), particularly pertinent as the composite industry veers toward epoxy bioresins necessitating liquefaction via temperature application.

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Isophorone Diamine—A Curing Agent for Epoxy Resins: Production, Application, Prospects. A Review

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

Thermodynamic Study of Selected Cyclohexanediamines─Sorbents of Carbon Dioxide

Thermodynamic Study of Selected Cyclohexanediamines─Sorbents of Carbon Dioxide

Synthesis of polyfunctional amines as curing agents and its effect on mechanical property of epoxy polymers

Supported Ionic Liquid‐Phase Materials (SILP) as a Multifunctional Group of Highly Stable Modifiers and Hardeners for Carbon and Flax Epoxy Composites

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