Issues concerning the use of renewable Ca-based solids as transesterification catalysts

Reyero, Inés; Bimbela, Fernando; Navajas, Alberto; Arzamendi, Gurutze; Gandı́a, Luis

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.058

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In recent years, CaO derived from eggshell has been widely investigated in the transformation of various edible/non-edible oils, such as soybean oil, 162-164 karanja oil, 165 WCO, 166-175 palm oil, [176][177][178][179] rapeseed oil, 180,181 sunower oil, [182][183][184][185] JCO, 186 microalgae oil, [187][188][189] chicken fat, 190 catsh oil, 191 Helianthus annuus L oil, 192 cotton oil 193 and sativa oil 194 for FAME production. In 2014, Niju et al 172 examined a highly active modied chicken eggshell derived CaO catalyst for the synthesis of FAME from WFO.…”

Section: Base Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

et al. 2020

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Section: Base Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

et al. 2020

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“…On the other hand, the basic catalysts usually used in the biodiesel industry (KOH, NaOH, and potassium and sodium methoxides) have important drawbacks [4]. Although they could be replaced by heterogeneous solid catalysts to make their re-utilization possible, some issues concerning those materials such as the lack of the required chemical stability are still not well solved [5][6][7]. Moreover, basic catalysts are not capable of suitably processing virgin, non-edible or waste feedstocks, which are characterized by being relatively rich in free fatty acids (FFAs), because they result deactivated and/or consumed, e.g., by the formation of soaps that also complicate the separation of the products due to their emulsifying properties.…”

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confidence: 99%

Catalytic Performance of Bulk and Al2O3-Supported Molybdenum Oxide for the Production of Biodiesel from Oil with High Free Fatty Acids Content

et al. 2020

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Non-edible vegetable oils are characterized by high contents of free fatty acids (FFAs) that prevent from using the conventional basic catalysts for the production of biodiesel. In this work, solid acid catalysts are used for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification with methanol of the FFAs and triglycerides contained in sunflower oil acidified with oleic acid. Molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ), which has been seldom considered as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel, was used in bulk and alumina-supported forms. Results showed that bulk MoO 3 is very active for both transesterification and esterification reactions, but it suffered from severe molybdenum leaching in the reaction medium. When supported on Al 2 O 3 , the MoO 3 performance improved in terms of active phase utilization and stability though molybdenum leaching remained significant. The improvement of catalytic performance was ascribed to the establishment of MoO 3 -Al 2 O 3 interactions that favored the anchorage of molybdenum to the support and the formation of new strong acidic centers, although this effect was offset by a decrease of specific surface area. It is concluded that the development of stable catalysts based on MoO 3 offers an attractive route for the valorization of oils with high FFAs content.Catalysts 2020, 10, 158 2 of 14 of this strategy is obtaining a more sustainable alternative fuel that contributes to reducing the CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere and the dependency of the energy system on petroleum. On the other hand, the basic catalysts usually used in the biodiesel industry (KOH, NaOH, and potassium and sodium methoxides) have important drawbacks [4]. Although they could be replaced by heterogeneous solid catalysts to make their re-utilization possible, some issues concerning those materials such as the lack of the required chemical stability are still not well solved [5][6][7]. Moreover, basic catalysts are not capable of suitably processing virgin, non-edible or waste feedstocks, which are characterized by being relatively rich in free fatty acids (FFAs), because they result deactivated and/or consumed, e.g., by the formation of soaps that also complicate the separation of the products due to their emulsifying properties. In these cases, acid catalysts can be used to perform a pre-esterification of the FFAs followed by base-catalyzed transesterification giving rise to the so-called integrated process for biodiesel production from high FFAs-containing triglyceride feedstocks [1,8]. Nevertheless, this is a multistep process that introduces complexity, thus reducing the competitive advantage of using low-cost feedstocks. It would be more convenient to perform the simultaneous transformation of the triglycerides and FFAs into FAMEs, which can be in fact accomplished using heterogeneous acid catalysts [9][10][11].Heterogeneous acid catalysts considered for biodiesel production comprise a large variety of materials [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The most representative ones consist on sulfated and tungsta...

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“…In recent year, bio-waste derived heterogeneous catalyst gains significant attention both in the realm of catalysis and biofuel research, and are reviewed by several authors recently [155][156][157][158][159][160] In recent years, CaO derived from eggshell has been widely investigated in transformation of various edible/non-edible oils such as soybean oil, [162][163][164] karanja oil, 165 WCO, [166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175] palm oil, [176][177][178][179] rapeseed oil, 180,181 sunflower oil, [182][183][184][185] JCO, 186 microalgae oil, [187][188][189] chicken fat, 190 catfish oil, 191 Helianthus annuus L oil, 192 cotton oil 193 and sativa oil 194 for FAME production.…”

Section: Biomass-based Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Changmai¹,

Vanlalveni²,

Bhagat³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p>

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Issues concerning the use of renewable Ca-based solids as transesterification catalysts

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

Catalytic Performance of Bulk and Al2O3-Supported Molybdenum Oxide for the Production of Biodiesel from Oil with High Free Fatty Acids Content

Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

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