“…Subsequently, under the influence of Ferraro and LaGrange (Ferraro, 1995: 23; Ferraro and LaGrange, 1987: 72), fear of crime has begun to be defined as ‘ a negative emotional reaction to crime or the symbols associated with crime’ and more complex batteries of questions have been developed, taking into consideration fear of a wide range of crimes, such as assault, theft, burglary, robbery, etc. (Ferraro and LaGrange, 1992; LaGrange and Ferraro, 1989), as well as the difference between its intensity and frequency (see Farrall et al, 1997; Farrall and Gadd, 2004; Yang and Hinkle, 2012). On the other hand, feeling of safety and risk perception—defined as judgments about the likelihood of criminal victimization—have been considered proximal determinants of fear of crime (Ferraro, 1995).…”