Issues of Adaptive Interfaces and Their use in Educational Systems

How to provide automated feedback on the writing process? A participatory approach to design writing analytics tools

“…All groups noted a variety of indicators which were grouped into self-generated categories. We mapped these categories into the planning, translating, reviewing, and monitoring processes as described by Flower and Hayes (1981). In addition, we coded the level of the indicators, ranging from low-level behavioral to higher-level cognitive indicators.…”

“…Writing processes have been deeply studied over the past decades (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1987;Flower & Hayes, 1981;Hayes, 1996Hayes, , 2012Kellogg, 1996;Leijten, Van Waes, Schriver, & Hayes, 2014). Comprehensive overviews of classic writing process models have been reported by Alamargot and Chanquoy (2001), Becker (2006) and Galbraith (2009).…”

“…Comprehensive overviews of classic writing process models have been reported by Alamargot and Chanquoy (2001), Becker (2006) and Galbraith (2009). In this article, we adopt Flower and Hayes' (1981) model, as it is the pragmatic model that fits our design purpose. Although the model was originally employed to explain the writing processes in L1 language learning, it has been further adopted in studies aimed at understanding writing across L1 and L2 contexts (e.g.…”

“…The prevalence of topics was then compared across the five groups of stakeholders. To compare the topics generated in each session, they were mapped to the theoretical model of writing, developed by Flower and Hayes (1981), which distinguishes the three cognitive processes in writing defined above (planning, translating, and reviewing). We also included the 'monitoring' process, which describes the strategic or selfregulation processes controlling these three cognitive processes or the writing process in general which monitors the writer across the cognitive processes.…”

“…Notes. Topics are mapped to the process they address in Flower and Hayes' (1981) model of writing processes (x-axis) and level of the indicators (behavioral versus cognitive; y-axis). Topics related to concepts in the writing environment (Hayes, 2012) are grouped in the rectangular boxes.…”