Although dicarboxylic acids do not occur in appreciable amount as components of animal or vegetal lipids, generally they are important metabolic products of fatty acids. Especially the a,b-dicarboxylic acid and its derivatives, such as itaconic acid 1,2) and citraconic acid derivatives, 3) have been of much interest for their biosynthesis, stereochemistry, and chemical relationship. Furthermore, some of them were reported to exhibit various interesting bioactivities, such as plant growth-stimulation, 4) production of a cellulolytic active oxygen species, inhibition of the iron redox reaction, 5) inhibition of p53-HDM2 interaction which can induce apoptosis in human cancer cells, 6) and anti-trypanosomal activity.
7)In the course of search for bioactive metabolites from marine organisms, five hexylitaconic acid derivatives including four new ones (1-4) were isolated from a sponge-derived fungus Penicillium sp. Herein we describe the structure elucidation and the biological evaluation of the compounds.
Results and DiscussionAccurate mass measurement (high resolution (HR)-FAB-MS) of compound 1 (m/z 259.1549 [MϩH] ϩ , Dϩ0.4 mmu) revealed the molecular formula to be C 13 H 22 O 5 with three degrees of unsaturation. Thirteen carbon signals were evident in the 13 C-NMR spectrum (Table 1) and deduced to be three methyl, five methylene, two methine, and three quaternary carbons from the distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT)135 spectrum. According to 1 H-and In the course of our search for bioactive metabolites from marine organisms, new hexylitaconic acid derivatives (1-4), along with (3S)-hexylitaconic acid (5), were isolated from a sponge-derived fungus Penicillium sp. Based on the NMR and MS data, the structures of compounds 1-4 were defined as a a,b b-dicarboxylic acid derivatives, such as hexylitaconic acid and tensyuic acids which were previously reported as metabolite of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium striatisporum, or Apiospora montagnei. The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a panel of five human solid tumor cell lines, and for anti-inflammatory activity gauged by their inhibitory effects on the production of major pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a a, and IL-1b b) in murine macrophage cells. Compounds 1 and 4 showed weak inhibition of IL-1b b production at the concentration of 200 m mM.