Item recall in verbal-discrimination learning as related to pronunciation and degree of practice

Associative recall in verbal-discrimination learning as related to pronunciation and degree of practice

“…The analysis of variance of the associative matching data revealed significant main effects for pronunciation (F=7.1S, df=1/36, p< .02) and trials (F=15.39, df=1/36, p< .01), but the interaction was not Significant (F< 1). The significant main effect for trials in both analyses and the absence of a significant trials by direction of recall interaction in the MFR analysis indicate that incidental associative learning increased bidirectionally with degree of practice on the VD task, a finding in agreement with that of Mechanic (1962) for a different Type 2 situation and with Kausler & Sardello (1967) for free recall of W and R items in a VD task. The significant main effect for pronunciation in both analyses and the absence of a pronunciation by direction of recall interaction in MFR analysis suggest that overt verbalization increases the associative connections between W and R items symmetrically.…”

“…The nonsignificant effect for direction of recall in the MFR analysis indicates that W-R and R-W recall are perhaps equal and that W-R and R-W associative learning may be symmetrical. A frequency theory of VD learning as proposed by Ekstrand, Wallace, & Underwood (1966) suggests that recall availability of R items should be superior to that of W items in that R items are responded to more frequently than are W items as VD learning progresses, as was found to be true with free recall of W and R items in the Kausler & Sardello (1967) study. In MFR, however, the presence of the W or R item seemingly increases the availability of the response required of S to the extent that the effect of prior differential frequency of responding is no longer apparent.…”

“…The selection and assignment of words for the 15 pair VD list, as well as the method of presentation and the instructions for VD learning, followed exactly the procedure outlined in the previous study (Kausler & Sardello, 1967). After the specified number of VD trials the Ss were given a modified free recall (MFR) task, without a time limit, by the usual procedure of listing stimulus items in a column with a blank space for the recalled item next to each stimulus.…”

“…The present study investigated the effects on VD intrapair associative learning of independent variables that have been previously demonstrated to affect the amount of incidental learning in VD-namely, type of item recalled (W versus R), the presence-absence of overt pronunciation of Wand R items, and the degree of practice on the intentional VD recognition task (Kausler & Sardello, 1967). The dependent variables were modified free recall of intrapair associPsychon.…”

“…Modified free recall (MFR) of associations between intrapair wrong (W) and right (R) items learned inCidentally during practice on an intentional verbal-discrimination (VO) learning task was related to direction of recall (W-R versus R-W) A recent study by Kausler & Sardello (1967) presented evidence supporting the contention that a verbaldiscrimination (VD) learning task can be viewed as a Type 2 incidental learning situation (McLaughlin, 1965) in which incidental and intentional learning occur simultaneously. The incidental components measured were the learning of both wrong (W) and right (R) items as responses.…”