ITER divertor materials and manufacturing challenges

Hirai, T.; Barabash, V.; Escourbiac, F.; Durocher, A.; Ferrand, L.; Komarov, V.; Merola, M.

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.07.009

Cited by 83 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The objective of controlled fusion is to recover the energy produced by fusion reactions and convert it into usable energy forms. One key factor in the success of fusion facilities will be the ability of its plasma facing components (PFCs) to handle high heat fluxes as expected in the ITER divertor region, up to 10 MW/m 2 in steady state and 20 MW/m2 in slow transient [1][2][3]. The WEST tokamak provides an integrated platform for testing the ITER divertor components under relevant power loads, particle fluence and time scales [4,5] in a full metallic environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissivity measurement of tungsten plasma facing components of the WEST tokamak

Gaspar

Pocheau

Corre

et al. 2019

Fusion Engineering and Design

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Since tungsten (W) has been selected as material for the ITER divertor target the knowledge of the emissivity in the infrared (IR) wavelength range becomes mandatory. A dedicated setup has been developed to measure the emissivity in the wavelength range 1.7-4.75 µm and the temperature domain 200-850 °C. The paper presents the emissivity measurements on W samples coming from actively cooled bulk W components (ITER-like) and W-coated graphite component of the WEST divertor. W samples with damaged surfaces generated by transient heat load as those observed in fusion machines, including micro-cracks and crack network, are also investigated. The dependence on wavelength, temperature and surface state are shown and discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissivity measurement of tungsten plasma facing components of the WEST tokamak

Gaspar

Pocheau

Corre

et al. 2019

Fusion Engineering and Design

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“…Away from exposed liquid or vapour-based proposals [5,6] which have a number of significant outstanding technical and physics challenges, leading concepts broadly fall into two categories: water cooled pipes in tungsten monoblocks similar to the design used for ITER [7] and helium cooled thimbles or pipes employing jet impingement [8]. Figure 1 shows two example divertor target designs: one ITER-like and the other a helium-cooled alternative.…”

Section: Divertor Target State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The supporting substructure is assumed to be steel, in keeping with divertor cassette designs for ITER [7] and the current DEMO baseline for first wall components, although the design is still evolving and alloys based on zirconium, chromium, and vanadium have also been discussed [14].…”

Section: Why Focus On the Structural Material?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractory metals as structural materials for fusion high heat flux components

Hancock

Homfray

Porton

et al. 2018

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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Tungsten is the favoured armour material for plasma facing components for future fusion reactors, but studies examining the use of tungsten or other refractory metals in the underlying cooled structures have historically excluded them, leaving current concepts heavily dependent on copper alloys such as copper chrome zirconium. This paper first outlines the challenge of selecting an appropriate alternative material for this application, with reference to historical selection methodology and design solutions, and then reexamines the use of refractory metals in the light of current design priorities and manufacturing techniques. The rationale for considering refractory alloys as structural materials is discussed, showing how this is the result of relatively small changes to the logic previously applied, with a greater emphasis on high temperature operation, a re-evaluation of current costs, a relaxation of absolute activation limits, and the availability of advanced manufacturing techniques such as additive manufacturing. A set of qualitative and quantitative assessment criteria are proposed, drawing on the requirements detailed in the first section; including thermal and mechanical performance, radiation damage tolerance, manufacturability, and cost and availability. Considering these criteria in parallel rather than sequence gives a less binary approach to material selection and instead provides a strengths and weaknesses based summary from which more nuanced conclusions can be drawn. Data on relevant material properties for a range of candidate materials, including elemental refractory metals and a selection of related alloys are gathered from a range of sources and collated using a newly developed set of tools written in the python language. These tools are then used to apply the aforementioned assessment criteria and display the results. The lack of relevant data for a number of promising materials is highlighted, and although a conclusive best material cannot be identified, refractory alloys in general are proposed as worthy of further investigation.

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“…For applications in heat engines, gas turbines, and extreme environments, such as nuclear fusion reactors, mechanical and physical properties, as well as their evolution in service, are very important. 1,2 Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) presents a multi-modal nondestructive characterization method that enables rapid insight into both the elastic and thermal transport properties of materials. [3][4][5][6][7] TGS measures the surface acoustic wave (SAW) speed, from which the elastic constants can be obtained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-contact, non-destructive mapping of thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave speed using transient grating spectroscopy

Reza

Dennett

Short

et al. 2020

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We present new developments of the laser-induced transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) technique that enable the measurement of large area 2D maps of thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave speed. Additional capabilities include targeted measurements and the ability to accommodate samples with increased surface roughness. These new capabilities are demonstrated by recording large TGS maps of deuterium implanted tungsten, linear friction welded aerospace alloys, and high entropy alloys with a range of grain sizes. The results illustrate the ability to view the grain microstructure in elastically anisotropic samples and to detect anomalies in samples, for example, due to irradiation and previous measurements. They also point to the possibility of using TGS to quantify grain size at the surface of polycrystalline materials.

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ITER divertor materials and manufacturing challenges

Cited by 83 publications

References 30 publications

Emissivity measurement of tungsten plasma facing components of the WEST tokamak

Emissivity measurement of tungsten plasma facing components of the WEST tokamak

Refractory metals as structural materials for fusion high heat flux components

Non-contact, non-destructive mapping of thermal diffusivity and surface acoustic wave speed using transient grating spectroscopy

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