iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome analysis reveals metabolic changes between a cleistogamous wheat mutant and its wild-type wheat counterpart

Abstract

Background Wheat is one of the most important staple crops worldwide. Fusarium head blight (FHB) severely affects wheat yield and quality. A novel bread wheat mutant, ZK001, characterized as cleistogamic was isolated from a non-cleistogamous variety Yumai 18 (YM18) through static magnetic field mutagenesis. Cleistogamy is a promising strategy for controlling FHB. However, little is known about the mechanism of cleistogamy in wheat. Methods We performed a FHB resistance test to identify the FHB infection rate of ZK001. We also measured the agronomic traits of ZK001 and the starch and total soluble sugar contents of lodicules in YM18 and ZK001. Finally, we performed comparative studies at the proteome level between YM18 and ZK001 based on the proteomic technique of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification. Results The infection rate of ZK001 was lower than that of its wild-type and Aikang 58. The abnormal lodicules of ZK001 lost the ability to push the lemma and palea apart during the flowering stage. Proteome analysis showed that the main differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were related to carbohydrate metabolism, protein transport, and calcium ion binding. These DAPs may work together to regulate cellular homeostasis, osmotic pressure and the development of lodicules. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of starch, soluble sugar content in the lodicules as well as the results of Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions Proteomic analysis has provided comprehensive information that should be useful for further research on the lodicule development mechanism in wheat. The ZK001 mutant is optimal for studying flower development in wheat and could be very important for FHB resistant projects via conventional crossing.

Phenotypic, Nutritional, and Antioxidant Characterization of Blanched Oenanthe javanica for Preferable Cultivar

“…The supernatant was collected, which was processed further according to the protocol provided by the company. Finally, absorbance was measured at 620 nm for starch quantification (Tang et al, 2019).…”

“…The diluted extracts were used in determining soluble sugars with a commercially available test kit (A145-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). Finally, absorbance was measured at 620 nm for soluble sugar quantification (Tang et al, 2019).…”

Identification of candidate genes responsible for chasmogamy in wheat

“…The metabolic pathways involving the carbohydrates regulate the osmotic pressure of the lodicules [ 15 ]. In wheat, the proteomic changes associated with lodicule expanding mechanisms involved bidirectional sugar transporter, sucrose synthase, beta-amylase, as well as proteins related with cellular glucose homeostasis, and beta-glucosidase activity [ 15 ]. The accumulation of D-glucose leads to a change in osmotic pressure in the lodicules [ 12 , 15 , 17 ].…”

“…Annexin can trigger calcium ion influx, increasing the osmotic pressure. Once the osmotic pressure changes, water accumulates in/is excreted from the cells of the lodicules and induces the expansion/shrinkage of the lodicules [ 15 ]. In barley aquaporin genes HvTIP1;1, HvTIP1;2, HvTIP2;3, and HvPIP2;1 coding tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) and plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), were mostly upregulated in lodicules in the process of floret opening [ 36 ].…”

“…In wheat, the pair of lodicules swell and wither leading to glume opening and glume closing at anthesis [ 35 , 36 ]. These processes are due to the water flow into and out of the lodicule cells associated with the accumulation of K + [ 12 , 16 , 37 ], accumulation and transport of calcium in the epidermis and outer parenchymatous cells of lodicules [ 15 , 16 , 18 ], concentration of soluble sugars [ 15 , 38 , 39 ], starch [ 15 , 40 ], signalling by jasmonic acid and its derivatives (JAs) [ 37 , 39 , 40 ], and controlled by K + transporters [ 37 , 39 ], aquaporins [ 36 ] or stimulus associated with pollination [ 8 ]. In sorghum, exogenous MeJA treatments could induce the up- or down- regulation of genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction pathways in the plasma cells of sorghum florets, thereby promoting the opening of sorghum florets [ 40 ].…”