Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a Vector of Ehrlichia equi (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae)

Richter, Philip J.; Kimsey, Robert B.; Madigan, John E.; Barlough, Jeffrey E.; Dumler, J. S.; Brooks, Dale L.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/33.1.1

Cited by 148 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…Previously, we reported also that this species had the highest mean sub-adult tick burden (1.01 ticks/rodent), and third highest adult mean tick burden (0.08 ticks/rodent) compared with other sciurids (Nieto and Foley 2008). Transmission of anaplasmosis using I. pacificus, the established vector in California (Richter et al 1996), was documented in the present study, but there may be other sylvatic or enzootic vectors that acquire infection from chipmunks as well. Ixodes angustus, a nidicolous tick that feeds on a variety of rodents and occasionally humans (Furman and Loomis 1984), was found commonly on redwood chipmunks (Foley et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Reservoir Competence of the Redwood Chipmunk (Tamias Ochrogenys) forAnaplasma Phagocytophilum

Nieto

Foley

2009

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Granulocytic anaplasmosis (GA) is an emerging tick-transmitted disease that persists in rodent-Ixodes ricinuscomplex tick cycles across the Holarctic. Although the putative reservoir for anaplasmosis in the western United States is the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes), this rodent was not shown reservoir-competent because of failure of infection from woodrats to other animals via ticks. Redwood chipmunks are common in habitats where Anaplasma phagocytophilum is common, have high PCR-and seroprevalence, and are infested with a diversity of Ixodes spp. ticks. Experimental infection of seven wild-caught A. phagocytophilum-negative redwood chipmunks induced persistent periods of recurrent rickettsemia during the persistent phase of infection. Of three animals for which xenodiagnosis was attempted, all successfully infected pools of I. pacificus larvae during the primary rickettsemia. We show that chipmunks are reservoir-competent for GA and may be important for maintaining infection in nature.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Reservoir Competence of the Redwood Chipmunk (Tamias Ochrogenys) forAnaplasma Phagocytophilum

Nieto

Foley

2009

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…7,8 The tick Ixodes pacificus transmits A. phagocytophilum in the West, where it is also implicated in the transmission of B. burgdorferi. 9,10 Small mammals, such as the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), are the primary reservoirs for A. phagocytophilum and hosts of immature I. scapularis in the midwest and northeast. [11][12][13][14] Immature I. scapularis also feed on small reptiles, such as the eastern glass lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis) in the south, but this life cycle does not maintain A. phagocytophilum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in the United States from 2008 to 2012: A Summary of National Surveillance Data

Dahlgren¹,

Heitman²,

Drexler³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

104

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Abstract. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is an acute, febrile illness transmitted by the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in the United States. We present a summary of passive surveillance data for cases of anaplasmosis with onset during 2008-2012. The overall reported incidence rate (IR) was 6.3 cases per million person-years. Cases were reported from 38 states and from New York City, with the highest incidence in Minnesota (IR = 97), Wisconsin (IR = 79), and Rhode Island (IR = 51). Thirty-seven percent of cases were classified as confirmed, almost exclusively by polymerase chain reaction. The reported case fatality rate was 0.3% and the reported hospitalization rate was 31%. IRs, hospitalization rates, life-threatening complications, and case fatality rates increased with age group. The IR increased from 2008 to 2012 and the geographic range of reported cases of anaplasmosis appears to have increased since 2000-2007. Our findings are consistent with previous case series and recent reports of the expanding range of the tick vector I. scapularis.

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“…Members of the genus Ehrlichia share numerous common antigens, especially among the same geno-group of ehrlichiae [5]. Vectors of three granulocytic Ehrlichia species (E. equi, E. phagocytophila, and the HGE agent), I. ricinus, I. scapularis and I. pacificus have never been recorded in Japan [12,13,16]. Although the cross-reactivity between the E. platys and the HGE agent have yet been proven, the positive antibodies against the HGE agent found in the present study may actually due to the E. platys infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Survey of Tick Infestation and Tick-Borne Ehrlichial Infection of Dogs in Ishigaki Island, Japan.

Inokuma

Nane²,

Uechi³

et al. 2001

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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ABSTRACT. Twelve (54.5%) of 22 free-roaming dogs in Ishigaki Island had tick infestation identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus. There were 121 ticks recovered and consisted of 28 females, 58 males, 22 nymphs and 3 larvae. Infection of dogs possibly with canine ehrlichial pathogens was examined by both indirect immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two dogs of the 13 examined were sero-positive for the human granulocytic ehrlichia agent, and one of two dogs was PCR positive for Ehrlichia platys. This dog had platelet numbers slightly lower than normal value, however, no morulae were found within platelet on peripheral blood smear stained with Giemsa.

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Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a Vector of Ehrlichia equi (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae)

Cited by 148 publications

References 0 publications

Reservoir Competence of the Redwood Chipmunk (Tamias Ochrogenys) forAnaplasma Phagocytophilum

Reservoir Competence of the Redwood Chipmunk (Tamias Ochrogenys) forAnaplasma Phagocytophilum

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in the United States from 2008 to 2012: A Summary of National Surveillance Data

Survey of Tick Infestation and Tick-Borne Ehrlichial Infection of Dogs in Ishigaki Island, Japan.

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