“…Cytokines such as interferon (IFNγ) transform resting macrophages into classically activated macrophages, commonly known as the M1 phenotype. M1 macrophages amplify the cellular antigen presenting capacity, complement mediated phagocytosis, and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL-1, 6), STAT1, STAT3, IRF4, NF-κB, CIITA, CD80, CD86, and reactive nitrogen, which leads to a strong bactericidal and tumoricidal activity ( Brodsky, 2020 ; Feske et al., 2015 ; Han et al., 2017 ). Similarly, IL-4, which is mainly produced by Th2 cells, transforms naive macrophages into alternatively activated macrophages, or the M2 phenotype, which express molecules including Arginase1 (Arg1), chitinase 3, OCS1, PPARγ, STAT6, GATA3, c-MYC, HIF-1α, LXR, CD163, CD36, TGFβ, IL-10, and CD206.…”