Japanese Encephalitis Virus as Cause of Acute Encephalitis, Bhutan

Wangchuk, Sonam; Tamang, Tshewang; Darnal, Jit Bahadur; Pelden, Sonam; Lhazeen, Karma; Mynak, Mimi Lhamu; Letson, G. William; Khare, Shalini; Leader, Brandon T.; Marfin, Anthony A.; Hills, Susan L.

doi:10.3201/eid2609.200620

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…After 19 years of follow-up, Montini et al (2020) estimated an incidence of 0.16/100,000 cases per year in Malaysia [ 84 ]. In Bhutan, 0.3/100,000 and 0.8/100,000 cases per year were estimated in 2020 for adults and children respectively, based on data from 5 sentinel hospitals [ 85 ]. Finally, Campbell et al (2011) extrapolated hospital-based data of 12 southeast Asia countries, and estimated a global incidence of 1.8/100,000 and 5.4/100,000 cases per year for adults and children respectively, in all the 24 countries where JEV circulates [ 7 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the predicted average age at infection in the modeled villages was very low, (ranging from 2 to 11 years old). Since young children are more likely to develop severe forms after JEV infection, as well as severe sequelae [ 2 , 33 , 82 , 84 , 85 ], these results and the current knowledge we have about JEV circulation in Cambodia would justify to intensify child immunization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling Japanese encephalitis virus transmission dynamics and human exposure in a Cambodian rural multi-host system

2022

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Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne zoonosis and the leading cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. Its transmission cycle is usually described as involving wild birds as reservoirs and pigs as amplifying hosts. JE is endemic in Cambodia, where it circulates in areas with low pig densities (<70 pigs per km2), and could be maintained in a multi-host system composed of pigs, but also poultry as competent hosts, and dogs, cattle and humans as non-competent hosts. We used a mathematical model representing Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission in a traditional Cambodian village that we calibrated with field data collected in 3 districts of Kandal province, Cambodia. First, R0 calculations allowed us to assess the capacity of the epidemiological system to be invaded by JEV and sustain virus transmission in villages in the 3 districts, and we predicted human exposure at the epidemiological equilibrium, based on simulations. Changes in spatial density of livestock, in agricultural practices, and epizootics (e.g., African swine fever), can profoundly alter the composition of host communities, which could affect JEV transmission and its impact on human health. In a second step, we then used the model to analyse how host community composition affected R0 and the predicted human exposure. Lastly, we evaluated the potential use of dog JE seroprevalence as an indicator of human exposure to JEV. In the modeled villages, the calculated R0 ranged from 1.07 to 1.38. Once the equilibrium reached, predicted annual probability of human exposure ranged from 9% to 47%, and predicted average age at infection was low, between 2 and 11 years old, highlighting the risk of severe forms of JEV infection and the need to intensify child immunization. According to the model, increasing the proportion of competent hosts induced a decrease in age at infection. The simulations also showed that JEV could invade a multi-host system with no pigs, reinforcing the assumption of poultry acting as reservoirs. Finally, the annual human exposure probability appeared linearly correlated with dog seroprevalence, suggesting that in our specific study area, dog seroprevalence would be a good proxy for human exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Japanese encephalitis virus transmission dynamics and human exposure in a Cambodian rural multi-host system

2022

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“…It is a viral infection caused by JEV belonging to the genus Flavivirus. JEV is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes, particularly Culex mosquito species [2]. Transmission principally occurs in rural agricultural areas, often related to rice cultivation and flood irrigation.…”

Section: Discussion Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A forgotten disease in Japan

Matsuura

Deguchi

2021

European Journal of Internal Medicine

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Natural products and derivatives as Japanese encephalitis virus antivirals

Mi,

Guo,

Luo

et al. 2024

Pathogens and Disease

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute Japanese encephalitis (JE) in humans and reproductive disorders in pigs. There are approximately 68,000 cases of JE worldwide each year, with approximately 13,600 to 20,400 deaths. JE infections have a fatality rate of one-third, and half of the survivors experience permanent neurological sequelae. The disease is prevalent throughout the Asia–Pacific region and has the potential to spread globally. JEV poses a serious threat to human life and health, and vaccination is currently the only strategy for long-term sustainable protection against JEV infection. However, licensed JEV vaccines are not effective against all strains of JEV. To date, there are no drugs approved for clinical use, and the development of anti-JEV drugs is urgently needed. Natural products are characterized by a wide range of sources, unique structures and low prices, and this paper provides an overview of the research and development of anti-JEV bioactive natural products.

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Japanese Encephalitis Virus as Cause of Acute Encephalitis, Bhutan

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Modelling Japanese encephalitis virus transmission dynamics and human exposure in a Cambodian rural multi-host system

Modelling Japanese encephalitis virus transmission dynamics and human exposure in a Cambodian rural multi-host system

A forgotten disease in Japan

Natural products and derivatives as Japanese encephalitis virus antivirals

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