JinQi Jiangtang Tablet Regulates Gut Microbiota and Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mice

Abstract

Background Gut microbiota modulates the barrier function and host inflammatory state in metabolic disease. JinQi Jiangtang (JQJT) tablets are a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diabetes. However, the low bioavailability of its chemical compositions makes it hard to explain the pharmacological mechanisms. Method Diabetic mice were orally treated with JQJT tablets for 5 weeks. Fasting blood glucose and the level of HbA1c were measured, and ITT were conducted to determine the insulin improvement effect of JQJT tablets. The regulation effect on gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq platform. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids was measured by HS-GC/MS. D-LA leakage experiment and PAS staining were used to check the function of the gut barrier. The levels of the inflammatory cytokines were determined by using an ELISA kit. Results This study showed that JQJT tablets downregulated fasting blood glucose and HbA1c and regulated gut microbiota. JQJT tablet-treated groups exhibited a more sensitive reaction after a small-dose injection of short-acting insulin. T2DM mice treated with JQJT tablets showed a higher abundance of Akkermansia spp. and lower abundance of Desulfovibrio. JQJT tablets increased the concentration of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid; in particular, butyric acid was significantly increased with respect to the MOD group. Gut mucosal barrier function experiment showed that the level of D-LA was obviously decreased in JQJT tablet-treated groups compared with the model group and the number of goblet cells was significantly increased by JQJT tablet treatment. JQJT tablets could also reduce the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, which were related to insulin resistance. Conclusion We demonstrated that JQJT tablets could improve T2DM insulin resistance, regulating the gut microbiota and promoting the production of SCFAs. The mechanism was related to increasing the gut barrier function and reducing the host inflammatory reaction.

Comparative efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese patent medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Pharmacological investigations indicated that TCPMs present beneficial effects on reducing body weight, enhancing insulin sensitivity, protecting β-cells, improving insulin secretion, correcting glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and improving the microcirculation and the immune system. [ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ] For example, the Tianmai Xiaoke tablet which contains of Schisandra Chinensis, Ophiopogon Japonicus, Trichosanthis Radix and Chromium Picolinate is approved by the State Food and Drug Administration of China (state medical license number Z20049007) can decrease FBG and HbA1c levels in T2DM patients. [26] In addition, some studies demonstrated that Tianmai Xiaoke tablets could down-regulate PTP1B and PCK2 by activating the insulin signaling pathway, thereby reducing the HbA1c level in diabetic rats.…”

“…The mechanism was related to increasing the gut barrier function and reducing the host inflammatory reaction. [29] …”

“…Many traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCPMs) are used as adjuvant drugs combined with conventional Western medicine therapy in the treatment of T2DM, including Jinlida granule, Xiaoke pill, Shenqi Jiangtang granule, Jinqi Jiangtang Tablet, Tianmai Xiaoke tablet, etc. [ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ] Besides, relevant treatment guidelines also highlight the important role of TCPMs (e.g., Jinlida granule) against this disease. [15] However, a direct comparison of the efficacy and safety of different TCPMs for the treatment of T2DM is lacked, which affects the optimal choice of the clinical treatment plan.…”

Pyridostigmine Protects Against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism to Attenuate Mitochondria Dysfunction

“…Gut microbes are critical for intestinal epithelial barrier function and for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis; the gut microbiota is a promising therapeutic target for diabetes and its complications, as it plays a signi cant role in the related pathogenic processes [31]. Previous studies have shown that the αdiversity of the gut microbiota is connected with obesity and diabetes [32]. According to previous research, the α-diversity in mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy was decreased, but this decrease can be reversed by pyridostigmine.…”

The effect of traditional Chinese medicine on gut microbiota in adults with type 2 diabetes

“…A large amount of studies have shown that TCM has the capacity of lowering blood glucose, improving inflammation and modulating gut microbiota. [ 11 – 13 ] Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), the main component of TCM, is usually rich in fiber and phytochemicals. When an anti-diabetic CHM is taken orally, its bioactive components are absorbed in the intestine and change the composition of gut microbiota, including inhibiting pathogens such as Escherichia coli , and promoting beneficial bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Alloprevotella , Fecalibacterium prausnitzii , Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium .…”