Job Accessibility and Female Employment Probability: The Cases of Barcelona and Madrid

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of residential job accessibility on female employment probability in the metropolitan areas of Barcelona and Madrid.

Job Accessibility, Employment and Job-Education Mismatch in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

“…This metropolitan area is particularly relevant for our analysis, since it has experienced significant decentralization of employment and places of residence in recent decades. More specifically, we extend on the previous study by Matas et al (2010) by considering not only the effect of job accessibility on the likelihood of being employed, but also its potential impact on an extremely relevant aspect of job quality, namely how matched an individual's completed education is to his/her attained occupation (i.e. job-education mismatch).…”

“…Indeed, several papers confirm that access to car ownership significantly offsets the adverse effects of disconnection (Shen, 1998, Raphael and Rice, 2002, Ong & Miller, 2005, Patacchini & Zenou, 2005and Korsu & Wenglenski, 2010. There is also empirical evidence that increased accessibility to public transport has a positive impact on labour market outcomes (Sanchez, 1999, Kabawata, 2003, Holzer et al 2003, Matas et al 2010and Korsu & Wenglenski, 2010.…”

“…While the initial focus of the spatial mismatch hypothesis was on ethnic minorities living in metropolitan areas in the US, more recent papers have emphasized that the physical disconnection between residential and job locations might affect a wider range of the population. In particular, an increasing number of empirical studies support the negative effect of job accessibility on labour market outcomes for European cities 1 that have experienced a decentralisation process (see Patacchini and Zenou, 2005 for England; Åslund et al 2010 andNorman et al 2012 for Swedish cities; Matas et al 2010 for two Spanish cities and Korsu & Wenglenski, 2010 for Paris-Île-de France). Gobillon, Selod & Zenou (2007) reviewed the mechanisms underlying the spatial mismatch hypothesis that have been proposed by theoretical models.…”

“…With respect to accessibility by private transport, we selected the number of cars per adult in the household. Matas et al (2010) suggest that the relevant variable to approximate distance to jobs is not commuting time with private transport, but rather car availability in the household 5 . Regarding public transport, the measure of job accessibility that we used in this paper is the employment potential for each zone of residence 6 .…”

Measurement and Spatial Differentiation Characteristics of Transit Equity: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China

“…Providing public transit services for disadvantaged groups is an important manifestation of vertical equity. Many existing studies illustrated the links between public transit supply, well-being, social exclusion, and time poverty for low-income populations and those of the general, the disabled, the elderly, and female populations [28,35]. These studies focused on the travel characteristics of transport disadvantaged groups from the perspective of behavioral geography, which provides a reference point for research on the spatial patterns of public transit equity [36,37].…”