Joint cadmium and polypropylene microparticle action in cadmium tolerant model insect

Changes in the Biology and Susceptibility of Weevil (Cylas formicarius) to the Insecticide Spinetoram as a Response to Cadmium Contamination

“…Previous studies have shown that heavy metal exposure can induce tolerance (a phenomenon known as “cross-tolerance”) or affect susceptibility of organisms to other stressors [ 7 ]. Babczynska et al [ 2 ] reported that polypropylene fibers cause an increase in Cd accumulation in larval Spodoptera exigua . Under the combined action of a heavy metal and the pesticide dimethoate, a decrease in grasshopper enzyme activity was particularly notable in areas with low heavy metal concentrations [ 33 ].…”

“…Heavy metals are defined as metal elements with a density higher than 5 g/cm 3 , generally categorized as either essential or nonessential [1]. Nonessential heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), are highly reactive and toxic at low concentrations, posing severe risks to many organisms, including plants and insects [2,3]. Heavy metal pollution is distributed globally because of human production activities, including mining, smelting, sewage discharge, and use of metalcontaining pesticides and fertilizers [4][5][6].…”