JSC MARS-1: A Martian Soil Simulant

Allen, Carlton C.; Jager, K. M.; Morris, R. V.; Lindstrom, D. J.; Lindstrom, M. M.; Lockwood, John P.

doi:10.1061/40339(206)54

Cited by 149 publications

(153 citation statements)

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“…Black rock spectrum from SuperPan octant S0184 (corresponds to Merenyi et al(2004) class O). (Allen et al, 1998). B. IMP Brown Soil spectrum from the S0186 Super Pan octant compared with terrestrial material that have a similar 930 nm band: a Mauna Kea jarositic tephra (the less than 5 μm fraction of HWMK 515; Morris et al, 2000), a maghemite (MHS-3; Morris et al, 2000), and a ferrihydrite (Ferrih.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Figure 12.8a, Bright Drift soil spectra from the S0182 and S0185 octants are compared with a soil from the summit of Haleakala volcano in Maui (Hal-399, Bishop et al, 2006) and the less than 1 mm fraction of the JSC-1 Mars analog spectrum (Allen et al, 1998;Morris et al, 2000). The spectrum of the altered Haleakala fines is about as bright as the martian bright soils, but has less spectral character and similar behavior is observed in the JSC-1 spectrum.…”

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multispectral imaging from Mars Pathfinder

Farrand¹,

Bell²,

Johnson³

et al. 2008

The Martian Surface

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The Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) was a mast-mounted instrument on the Mars Pathfinder lander which landed on Mars' Ares Vallis floodplain on July 4, 1997. During the 83 sols of Mars Pathfinders landed operations, the IMP collected over 16,600 images. Multispectral images were collected using twelve narrowband filters at wavelengths between 400 and 1000 nm in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) range. The IMP provided VNIR spectra of the materials surrounding the lander including rocks, bright soils, dark soils, and atmospheric observations. During the primary mission, only a single primary rock spectral class, "Gray Rock", was recognized; since then, "Black Rock", has been identified. The Black Rock spectra have a stronger absorption at longer wavelengths than do Gray Rock spectra. A number of coated rocks have also been described, the Red and Maroon Rock classes, and perhaps indurated soils in the form of the Pink Rock class. A number of different soil types were also recognized with the primary ones being Bright Red Drift, Dark Soil, Brown Soil, and Disturbed Soil. Examination of spectral parameter plots indicated two trends which were interpreted as representing alteration products formed in at least two different environmental epochs of the Ares Vallis area. Subsequent analysis of the data and comparison with terrestrial analogs have supported the interpretation that the rock coatings provide evidence of earlier martian environments. However, the presence of relatively uncoated examples of the Gray and Black rock classes indicate that relatively unweathered materials can persist on the martian surface.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multispectral imaging from Mars Pathfinder

Farrand¹,

Bell²,

Johnson³

et al. 2008

The Martian Surface

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“…It is able to extract aliphatic and aromatic species spiked onto grains of the Mars analogue JSC Mars-1 (Court et al, 2010(Court et al, , 2012a(Court et al, , 2012bSims et al, 2012;Sephton et al, 2013). Testing has also revealed the ability of alternative surfactants, such as the fluorocarbon-based Zonyl FS-300 and the siloxanebased poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-[3-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethoxy)propyl]methylsiloxane] (PDMSHEPMS) to extract organic species spiked onto samples of JSC Mars-1 (Allen et al, 1998;Court et al, 2010Court et al, , 2012a. The Signs Of Life Detector (SOLID) series of instruments uses a polysorbate 20-based solvent to extract organic matter from solid samples, with the ability to detect mellitic acid and acidophilic microorganisms in samples of Atacama Desert and Río Tinto Mars-analog materials (Parro et al, 2011a(Parro et al, , 2011bBlanco et al, 2013).…”

Section: Surfactants For Extraterrestrial Organic Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MeOH indicates methanol. organic standards spiked onto the surfaces of the martian analogue JSC Mars-1 (Allen et al, 1998;Court et al, 2010Court et al, , 2012aCourt et al, , 2012b. Samples of JSC Mars-1, 500 mg in mass, were spiked with 10 lg of each of eight standards.…”

Section: Spiking and Extraction Of Jsc Mars-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Searching for Life on Mars: Degradation of Surfactant Solutions Used in Organic Extraction Experiments

et al. 2014

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Life-detection instruments on future Mars missions may use surfactant solutions to extract organic matter from samples of martian rocks. The thermal and radiation environments of space and Mars are capable of degrading these solutions, thereby reducing their ability to dissolve organic species. Successful extraction and detection of biosignatures on Mars requires an understanding of how degradation in extraterrestrial environments can affect surfactant performance. We exposed solutions of the surfactants polysorbate 80 (PS80), Zonyl FS-300, and poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-[3-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)propyl]methylsiloxane] (PDMSHEPMS) to elevated radiation and heat levels, combined with prolonged storage. Degradation was investigated by measuring changes in pH and electrical conductivity and by using the degraded solutions to extract a suite of organic compounds spiked onto grains of the martian soil simulant JSC Mars-1. Results indicate that the proton fluences expected during a mission to Mars do not cause significant degradation of surfactant compounds. Solutions of PS80 or PDMSHEPMS stored at -20°C are able to extract the spiked standards with acceptable recovery efficiencies. Extraction efficiencies for spiked standards decrease progressively with increasing temperature, and prolonged storage at 60°C renders the surfactant solutions ineffective. Neither the presence of ascorbic acid nor the choice of solvent unequivocally alters the efficiency of extraction of the spiked standards. Since degradation of polysorbates has the potential to produce organic compounds that could be mistaken for indigenous martian organic matter, the polysiloxane PDMSHEPMS may be a superior choice of surfactant for the exploration of Mars.

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“…The first regolith simulant studied is JSC Mars-1 which is soil from the Pu'u Nene volcano on Mauna Kea, Hawaii and was selected by Allen et al (1998) as a regolith simulant based upon reflectance spectra. JSC Mars-1 is composed of altered volcanic ash and very closely matches the reflectance spectra of the bright regions of Mars with the exception of absorption bands for OH and H 2 O.…”

Section: Materials and Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%