“…In this consumption-driven economy, a sexual industry is flourishing, which caters not only to males (Zhang & Hjorth, 2019;Zheng, 2009), but also to newly emerged female consumers (Griffin, 2007;Tan & Shi, 2021;Zurndorfer, 2016). The Boy's Love (BL) culture, with its male-male romance material, generated mainly by and for heterosexual women, has disrupted heteronormative norms and inverted the "male gaze" by transforming women into active participants, acknowledging their entitlement to their "female gaze" rights of male bodies (Li, 2020;Liang, 2022;Thornham & Pengpeng, 2010;Yang & Bao, 2012;Yang & Xu, 2017). The proliferation of effeminate, soft, and attractive masculine representations in transnational East Asian popular culture, which Jung (2010) refers to as "chogukjeok (transnational) pan-East Asian soft masculinity," has also heavily influenced Chinese popular culture and includes Korean kkonminam (flower boys), Japanese bisho ̄nen (beautiful boy) and Chinese xiao xian rou (little fresh meat).…”