“Just Antimicrobial is not Enough” Revisited—From Antimicrobial Polymers to Microstructured Dual‐Functional Surfaces, Self‐Regenerating Polymer Surfaces, and Polymer Materials with Switchable Bioactivity

Abstract

Biofilm formation can be slowed down by restricting protein adhesion on a surface, or by antimicrobial/biocidal activity of the material (among other methods). In this progress report, the recent work on alternatives to single component antimicrobial or protein-repellent polymer materials is presented. These are microstructured bifunctional polymer surfaces and self-regenerating polymer multilayer stacks. The microstructured polymer surfaces consist of antimicrobial, protein-adhesive polymer patches, and nonfouling, protein repellent-polymer patches. By carefully balancing the size and architecture of the adhesive and repellent patches, materials with simultaneous antimicrobial activity and strong protein repellency are obtained. At similar polymer patch sizes, protein adhesion is lower on hydrogels with a low elastic modulus than on polymer monolayers attached to stiff substrates. Surface-regenerating polymer multilayer stacks are constructed from alternating layers of antimicrobial polymer hydrogels and degradable, soluble, or depolymerizable sacrificial layers. Top layer shedding, which imitates reptiles shedding their skin, rejuvenates the surface, and regenerates the antimicrobial function of the material. Layer shedding form such materials in solution is a competition between two thermodynamic minima, top layer reattachment and top layer removal. The outcome of each shedding event depends on the kinetics of the sacrificial layer disintegration.

Dynamic Antimicrobial Poly(disulfide) Coatings Exfoliate Biofilms On Demand Via Triggered Depolymerization

“…[18][19][20][21][22][23] The paramount limitation of such antibacterial polymer coatings; however, is that they are inherently short-lived due to fouling and biofilm formation. [24][25][26] Upon repeated microbial challenges, the cellular detritus from expired microbes will eventually accumulate on the surface, thereby, masking activity and allowing subsequent biofilm formation to proceed. [27] In stark contrast, the human body is normally free from biofilms despite the constant, intense, and ubiquitous microbial challenges found therein.…”

“…[38,39] Over the past decade, Lienkamp and co-workers have developed a range of beautiful approaches to shedding biofilms and preventing adhesion of biopolymers on actively killing antibacterial surfaces, as they recently reviewed. [24] Their group has developed a diverse array of polymer systems capable of killing on-contact, resisting adhesion of fouling agents, and triggering release from surfaces. [40][41][42][43][44][45][46] The Gillies group has developed self-immolative polymers (low ceiling temperature polymers that depolymerize to monomer upon cleavage of an end-cap) for biomedical applications.…”

Dynamic Antimicrobial Poly(disulfide) Coatings Exfoliate Biofilms On-Demand via Triggered Depolymerization

“…32,33 Over the past decade, Lienkamp and co-workers have developed a range of beautiful approaches to shedding biofilms and preventing adhesion of biopolymers on actively killing antibacterial surfaces, as they recently reviewed. 24 Their group has developed a diverse array of polymer systems capable of killing on-contact, resisting adhesion of fouling agents, and triggered release from surfaces. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] The Gillies group has developed self-immolative polymers (low ceiling temperature polymers that depolymerize to monomer upon cleavage of an end-cap) for biomedical applications.…”