“…Buka and colleagues (2001) have recently redefined this construct by categorizing different levels of exposure that include primary, i.e., personal victimization, secondary, i.e., violence seen or heard, and tertiary exposures, i.e., learning of violence experienced by others such as friends of family members. While much is already known about predictors and consequences of primary exposures (Christiansen & Evans, 2005;Esbensen & Huizinga, 1991;Haynie & Piquero, 2006;Lauritsen et al, 1992;Loeber, Kalb, & Huizinga, 2001;Menard, 2002;Schreck, 1999;Snyder & Sickmund, 1999), the same cannot be said for secondary exposures that children and adolescents experience in their neighborhoods.…”