Secondary Exposure to Violence During Childhood and Adolescence: Does Neighborhood Context Matter?

Gibson, Chris L.; Morris, Sara Z.; Beaver, Kevin M.

doi:10.1080/07418820802119968

Cited by 88 publications

(97 citation statements)

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“…The survey included ten types of exposure to community violence: seeing someone attacked with a weapon; seeing someone attacked without a weapon; having something stolen from the household; having a friend, neighbor, or family member murdered; witnessing a murder; witnessing or hearing a shooting, bombing, or riot; being in a war zone; knowing a family member or close friend who was fondled or forced to have sex; knowing a family member or close friend who was robbed or mugged; and knowing a family member or close friend who was threatened with a gun or knife. 1993; Gardner & Brooks-Gunn, 2009;Gibson et al, 2009;Richters & Martinez, 1993;Selner-O'Hagan et al, 1998; see also Buka et al, 2001). In fact, research has shown that age accounts for approximately 25% of the variation in lifetime exposure to community violence (see Selner-O'Hagan et al, 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Not surprisingly, research has found a strong correlation between exposure to community violence and neighborhood conditions such as urbanity and poverty (Fitzpatrick & Boldizar, 1993;Gardner & Brooks-Gunn, 2009;Gibson et al, 2009;Kuo, Mohler, Raudenbush, & Earls, 2000;Moses, 1999;O'Keefe, 1997;Overstreet, Dempsey, Graham, & Moely, 1999;Richters & Martinez, 1993;Selner-O'Hagan et al, 1998;Singer, Anglin, Song, & Lunghofer, 1995). Many researchers examining the correlates of exposure to community violence have therefore restricted their samples to youths from high risk areas (Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 2002).…”

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confidence: 95%

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Do Age Effects on Youth Secondary Exposure to Violence Vary across Social Context?

Zimmerman¹

2013

Justice Quarterly

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Many studies have documented an increasing prevalence of secondary exposure to community violence from childhood through young adulthood. Yet inconsistencies exist in the findings, with some studies reporting a weak association, or no association, between age and exposure to community violence. This study investigates whether the disparate study findings reflect unmeasured but consequential neighborhood dynamics for the relationship between age and exposure to violence. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, this study contributes to the literature by examining variability in the relationship between age and exposure to community violence across neighborhood context. The results of hierarchical Poisson models support the hypothesis that age disparities in exposure to violence are attenuated in more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Results further indicate that high levels of community violence are responsible for the suppression of individual variation in age in extremely disadvantaged communities.

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 95%

Do Age Effects on Youth Secondary Exposure to Violence Vary across Social Context?

Zimmerman¹

2013

Justice Quarterly

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“…Other studies using the PHDCN have used this same measure (also see Gibson et al, 2010;Gibson et al, 2009). …”

Section: Individual-level Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following past research (Gibson et al, 2009;Gibson, Sullivan, Jones, & Piquero, 2010), a seventeen-item measure of behavioral indicators of low self-control was constructed using the Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, and Impulsivity (EASI) temperament survey. Administered during wave 1 interviews, primary caregivers were asked to report on their child's inhibitory control, decision making, risk and sensation seeking, and diligence or persistence in completing tasks (see also Buss & Plomin, 1975; see Appendix B for individual items), which are consistent with Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) definition of self-control, as well as past empirical research (see Grasmick, Tittle, Bursik, & Arneklev, 1993) 11 .…”

Section: Individual-level Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vulnerability to violence is influenced by the context in which individuals reside, the activities they choose to engage in, and the individual characteristics that make them different from each other (Gibson, Morris, & Beaver, 2009;Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2003;Maimon & Browning, 2010;Mayer & Jencks, 1989;Schreck et al, 2002;Sharkey, 2006;Wilcox-Rountree, Land, & Miethe, 1994). Historically, situational and contextual theories have had the largest influence on explaining personal and violent victimization (Cohen & Felson, 1979;Hindelang, Gottfredson, & Garofalo, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unpacking the Influence of Neighborhood Context and Antisocial Propensity on Violent Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Chicago

Gibson¹

2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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This research combines social disorganization and self-control theories to understand violent victimization among children and adolescents. In doing so, several research questions are investigated to explore the independent and interactive influences that neighborhood disadvantage and low self-control have on violent victimization risk.Data from the 9, 12, and 15-year old cohorts of the Longitudinal Cohort Study in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN-LCS) were used in this study. Data analyzed were from self-reports of children, adolescents, and their primary caregivers during waves 1 and 2 of the longitudinal data collection effort. In addition, neighborhood structural characteristics from the U.S. Census were also analyzed.Results from a combination of hierarchical generalized linear models and multivariate logistic regression models with robust standard errors revealed that violent victimization did not significantly vary across neighborhoods, and independent of various behavioral and lifestyle choices made by children and adolescents, low self-control increased the risk for becoming a victim of violence. Additionally, choices made by them also influenced their risk of violent victimization; those who reported engaging in violent offending, spending more time in unstructured activities, and having more delinquent peers had a higher risk of being a victim of violence. Further analysis shows that the association between low self-control and violent victimization risk varies across levels of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage in which youth live; low self-control's influence in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods dissipated while it was amplified for those living in the least disadvantaged neighborhoods. Unstructured socializing with peers was the only factor that significantly influenced violent victimization risk across low, medium and high disadvantaged neighborhoods. Findings are consistent with a "social push" perspective, which suggests that disadvantaged environments provide social pressures that may override the influence of individual differences on vulnerability to violent victimization.Implications of this study's findings are discussed as they relate to policy, prevention and theory; while also setting forth a research agenda on neighborhoods, antisocial traits, and violent victimization risk for future research.

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How American Government Frames Youth Problems

Ross¹,

Miller²

2011

Juvenile Justice

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Secondary Exposure to Violence During Childhood and Adolescence: Does Neighborhood Context Matter?

Cited by 88 publications

References 50 publications

Do Age Effects on Youth Secondary Exposure to Violence Vary across Social Context?

Do Age Effects on Youth Secondary Exposure to Violence Vary across Social Context?

Unpacking the Influence of Neighborhood Context and Antisocial Propensity on Violent Victimization of Children and Adolescents in Chicago

How American Government Frames Youth Problems

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