Juvenile salmon with high standard metabolic rates have higher energy costs but can process meals faster

Millidine, K. J.; Armstrong, J. D.; Metcalfe, Neil B.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0080

Cited by 109 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We did not observe any significant difference in SMR or MMR between the two fish groups. This finding markedly contrasts with some results reported in salmon (Millidine et al, 2009), suggesting that a high potential for growth correlates with a high SMR. Our result instead suggests that the different growth potential between the two groups of fish with different life trajectories is not related to their metabolic scope, which corresponds to the difference between MMR and SMR (Fry, 1947).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

An early-life hypoxia event has a long-term impact on protein digestion and growth in European sea bass juvenile

Zambonino-Infante

Mazurais

Servili

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Ocean warming, eutrophication and the consequent decrease in oxygen lead to smaller average fish size. Although such responses are well known in an evolutionary context, involving multiple generations, this appears to be incompatible with current rapid environmental change. Instead, phenotypic plasticity could provide a means for marine fish to cope with rapid environmental changes. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying plastic responses to environmental conditions that favour small phenotypes. Our aim was to investigate how and why European sea bass that had experienced a short episode of moderate hypoxia during their larval stage subsequently exhibited a growth depression at the juvenile stage compared with the control group. We examined whether energy was used to cover higher costs for maintenance, digestion or activity metabolisms, as a result of differing metabolic rate. The lower growth was not a consequence of lower food intake. We measured several respirometry parameters and we only found a higher specific dynamic action (SDA) duration and lower SDA amplitude in a fish phenotype with lower growth; this phenotype was also associated with a lower protein digestive capacity in the intestine. Our results contribute to the understanding of the observed decrease in growth in response to climate change. They demonstrate that the reduced growth of juvenile fishes as a consequence of an early life hypoxia event was not due to a change of fish aerobic scope but to a specific change in the efficiency of protein digestive functions. The question remains of whether this effect is epigenetic and could be reversible in the offspring.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

An early-life hypoxia event has a long-term impact on protein digestion and growth in European sea bass juvenile

Zambonino-Infante

Mazurais

Servili

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Evidence is accumulating, however, that less apparent features of animals may act as inherently stable states underlying personalities. Examples include differences in organ size (Biro & Stamps 2008), basal metabolic rates (Careau et al 2008;Millidine et al 2009) and stress response systems (Koolhaas et al 1999;Schjolden & Winberg 2007) and their associated physiological morphology, structural differences in the organization of the brain (e.g. strength of cerebral lateralization, Reddon & Hurd 2009), and differences in cognitive mechanisms (e.g.…”

Section: Adaptive Behavioural Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An explanatory framework for adaptive personality differences

Wolf

Weissing

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

481

450

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We develop a conceptual framework for the understanding of animal personalities in terms of adaptive evolution. We focus on two basic questions. First, why do behavioural types exhibit limited behavioural plasticity, that is, behavioural correlations both across contexts and over time? Second, how can multiple behavioural types coexist within a single population? We emphasize differences in 'state' among individuals in combination with state-dependent behaviour. Some states are inherently stable and individual differences in such states can explain stable differences in suites of behaviour if it is adaptive to make behaviour in various contexts dependent on such states. Behavioural stability and cross-context correlations in behaviour are more difficult to explain if individual states are potentially more variable. In such cases stable personalities can result from state-dependent behaviour if state and behaviour mutually reinforce each other by feedback mechanisms. We discuss various evolutionary mechanisms for the maintenance of variation (in states and/or behaviour), including frequency-dependent selection, spatial variation with incomplete matching between habitat and phenotype, bet-hedging in a temporally fluctuating environment, and nonequilibrium dynamics. Although state differences are important, we also discuss how social conventions and social signalling can give rise to adaptive personality differences in the absence of state differences.

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“…Greater growth capacity would, however, be attended by higher metabolic costs, so fuel stores are consumed rapidly during periods of food deprivation. Conversely, individuals that can tolerate periods of food deprivation can do so because they have low metabolic costs, but this is presumably because they lack the biosynthetic capacity to respond to opportunities for rapid growth (Bochdansky et al, 2005;Bang et al, 2007;Millidine et al, 2009;Dupont-Prinet et al, 2010). This physiological trade-off allows opposing energetic strategies to co-exist, such that variation in growth rate and fasting tolerance persists in populations (Dupont-Prinet et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological mechanisms underlying individual variation in tolerance of food deprivation in juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax

McKenzie

Vergnet

Chatain

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Although food deprivation is a major ecological pressure in fishes, there is wide individual variation in tolerance of fasting, whose mechanistic bases are poorly understood. Two thousand individually tagged juvenile European sea bass were submitted to two 'fasting/feeding' cycles each comprising 3 weeks of food deprivation followed by 3 weeks of ad libitum feeding at 25°C. Rates of mass loss during the two fasting periods were averaged for each individual to calculate a population mean. Extreme fasting tolerant (FT) and sensitive (FS) phenotypes were identified that were at least one and a half standard deviations, on opposing sides, from this mean. Respirometry was used to investigate two main hypotheses: (1) tolerance of food deprivation reflects lower mass-corrected routine metabolic rate (RMR) in FT phenotypes when fasting, and (2) tolerance reflects differences in substrate utilisation; FT phenotypes use relatively less proteins as metabolic fuels during fasting, measured as their ammonia quotient (AQ), the simultaneous ratio of ammonia excretion to RMR. There was no difference in mean RMR between FT and FS over 7 days fasting, being 6.70±0.24 mmol h −1 fish −1 (mean ± s.e.m., N=18) versus 6.76±0.22 mmol h −1 fish −1 (N=17), respectively, when corrected to a body mass of 130 g. For any given RMR, however, the FT lost mass at a significantly lower rate than FS, overall 7-day average being 0.72±0.05 versus 0.90±0.05 g day −1 fish −1 , respectively (P<0.01, ttest). At 20 h after receiving a ration equivalent to 2% body mass as food pellets, ammonia excretion and simultaneous RMR were elevated and similar in FT and FS, with AQs of 0.105±0.009 and 0.089±0.007, respectively. At the end of the period of fasting, ammonia excretion and RMR had fallen in both phenotypes, but AQ was significantly lower in FT than FS, being 0.038±0.004 versus 0.061±0.005, respectively (P<0.001, t-test). There was a direct linear relationship between individual fasted AQ and rate of mass loss, with FT and FS individuals distributed at opposing lower and upper extremities, respectively. Thus the difference between the phenotypes in their tolerance of food deprivation did not depend upon their routine energy use when fasting. Rather, it depended RESEARCH ARTICLE 1 UMR5119, Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (ECOSYM), Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. upon their relative use of tissue proteins as metabolic fuels when fasting, which was significantly lower in FT phenotypes.

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Juvenile salmon with high standard metabolic rates have higher energy costs but can process meals faster

Cited by 109 publications

References 44 publications

An early-life hypoxia event has a long-term impact on protein digestion and growth in European sea bass juvenile

An early-life hypoxia event has a long-term impact on protein digestion and growth in European sea bass juvenile

An explanatory framework for adaptive personality differences

Physiological mechanisms underlying individual variation in tolerance of food deprivation in juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax

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