Autonomous rendezvous and docking are important technologies for current and future space programs, including missions such as supply and repair to the International Space Station (ISS) and the exploration of the moon, Mars, and beyond. Proximity operations and docking require extremely delicate and precise translational and rotational maneuverings. During the final approach of the proximity operations phase, the relative position, velocity, attitude and angular rates between the target and the chaser spacecraft must be precisely controlled in order to obtain the required docking interface conditions. As a consequence, precise relative position, velocity and attitude state estimations are required. The first spacecraft rendezvous and docking dates back to the manned US Gemini and Apollo programs (Zimpfer et al., 2005)
AbstractAn integrated system composed of guidance, navigation and control (GNC) system for autonomous proximity operations and the docking of two spacecraft was developed. The position maneuvers were determined through the integration of the statedependent Riccati equation formulated from nonlinear relative motion dynamics and relative navigation using rendezvous laser vision (Lidar) and a vision sensor system. In the vision sensor system, a switch between sensors was made along the approach phase in order to provide continuously effective navigation. As an extension of the rendezvous laser vision system, an automated terminal guidance scheme based on the Clohessy-Wiltshire state transition matrix was used to formulate a "V-bar hopping approach" reference trajectory. A proximity operations strategy was then adapted from the approach strategy used with the automated transfer vehicle. The attitude maneuvers, determined from a linear quadratic Gaussian-type control including quaternion based attitude estimation using star trackers or a vision sensor system, provided precise attitude control and robustness under uncertainties in the moments of inertia and external disturbances. These functions were then integrated into an autonomous GNC system that can perform proximity operations and meet all conditions for successful docking. A sixdegree of freedom simulation was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the integrated system.