Kamienie dekoracyjne i architektoniczne południowo-wschodniej Polski – złoża, zasoby i perspektywy eksploatacji

Bromowicz, Jan; Figarska-Warchoł, Beata

doi:10.2478/v10269-012-0023-1

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The limestones occur mainly in three varieties: fine‐grained, medium‐grained and coarse‐grained . The porosity of the fine‐grained and medium‐grained Pińczów limestones varies from approximately 25% to 38%, with a mean of 36.67%, while that of the coarse‐grained variety may reach 37–38% . The saturation index of the fine‐grained and medium‐grained stones is 15.45%, being almost the same (16.06%) in the case of the coarse‐grained stones .…”

Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Salts crystallisation is a cause of deterioration of stone monuments. Very small sizes of salt crystals, often a multiphase composition and usually low concentrations hamper their identification. Therefore, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, in some cases, X‐ray diffraction have been used to identify the salts that crystallised within and on the weathered limestone and sandstone architectonic details of the Blessed Salomea sculpture and its arch in the cloister of the Poor Clares in Kraków, Poland. Possible sources of salts, i.e. regarding the plaster around the details, the mortar of joints of the arch and previous conservation procedures, have been discussed. The limestone sculpture reveals the presence of black crusts and the sandstone arch of white efflorescences, both stones crumble and exfoliate. Gypsum and barite were the only salts in the black crust and subflorescences of the limestone. The salts in the pore space of the sandstone include mainly aphthitalite, niter, nitratine and burkeite, while efflorescences consist of thenardite and syngenite. Such differences probably result from various precipitation conditions in narrow pore spaces and on the unconfined sandstone surface. The deterioration products have been mainly assigned to air pollution, stone itself in the case of the limestone, and migration of ions from structural elements of the arch in the case of the sandstone. The impact of the chemicals utilised for stone conservation also seems to be possible. Characterisation of the salts present in deteriorated stones can help in selecting the methods of stone desalination and conservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Site Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…The fine-to medium-grained, muscovite-rich, blue-grey Krosno sandstone that is found in this place is one of the most recognizable rocks in the Polish Outer Carpathians. The fact that it has been quarried for more than 60 years proves its unfailing popularity as a building stone (Bromowicz & Figarska-Warchoł, 2012). Nowadays, it is used as a source of material for the production of dimension stones and crushed aggregates.…”

Section: Description Of the Quarry And Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the most essential information required by the owners of dimension stone quarries is the density of fractures and the block yield, which means the amount of extractable and marketable stone blocks (Carvalho et al, 2008;Elçi & Türk, 2014a, 2014bMutlutürk, 2007;Sousa et al, 2017aSousa et al, , 2017b. Some authors refer to the ability of rocks to be divided as blockiness (Xia et al, 2016) or block divisibility (Badera et al, 2006;Bromowicz & Figarska-Warchoł, 2012;Thiel 1989). In this work the concept of the quantity of blocks (QB) is used as the proportion (%) of the rock mass of a deposit represented by blocks of more than the required minimum volume (usually 0.4 m 3 ) that are suitable for further processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of this work is to evaluate the use of orthophotomaps of outcrops and digital photographs of quarry faces for analysis of discontinuity systems and estimation of the quantity of blocks of dimensional stones (QB) as an alternative to direct field measurements. The tec-tonics described in the literature has also been analysed as a factor of the variability of the QB parameter in sandstone deposits; forecasting these changes during future extraction is of particular importance in the context of rational deposit management and efficient block yield (Bromowicz & Figarska-Warchoł, 2012;Galos et al, 2016;Guzik, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Archives of Mining Sciences

Figarska-Warchoł

Stańczak

2019

Self Cite

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A lithological profile and measurements of the orientation and spacings of natural discontinuity planes were carried out in the Górka-Mucharz sandstone excavation (Krosno Beds, Outer Carpathians, Poland). In addition, the density of the discontinuities was assessed by measuring their spacings using oriented digital photographs of the quarry walls. An orthophotomap was also used in assessing the orientation and density of fractures with the tools available in QGIS. It was shown that digital image analysis can be used as an alternative to direct field measurements, especially in situations where access to an outcrop is difficult. The distributions of spacings larger than 40 cm, obtained by direct measurements and based on digital images of the quarry, were comparable. As a consequence, both measurement techniques yielded similar values of the quantity of blocks (QB), which differed by less than 2% for the minimum block volume in the range 0.4-1.0 m 3 and by 6-7% for larger blocks. On the other hand, measurements of discontinuity spacings that were taken on the basis of an orthophotomap can only serve to estimate the approximate maximum value of this parameter. However, the use of orthophotomaps gives a more explicit spatial pattern of the main vertical joint sets than direct measurements in the quarry.The analysis results also showed the following: (i) the presence of tectonic disturbances visible at the highest level of the deposit; (ii) higher density of set A fractures with planes deepening in the NE direction and a considerable reduction of the QB parameter, particularly in the peripheral NE and SW parts of the deposit; (iii) differences in the orientation of the discontinuity system between particular beds. The variable density of the discontinuities in the excavation is related to the presence of the faults that limit the Górka-Mucharz deposit.

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“…Other building and decorative stones used already at the beginning of the 17 th century (Wardzyński 2012, Wardzyński on-line) include Devonian bituminous, fine-detrital, flag-like, thin-bedded limestones from Górno (Frasnian) and gray to brown-gray dolostones and limestones from Łagów (Frasnian, Givetian). They reveal the presence of fauna, mainly brachiopods, amphipores and stromatopores, while their fractures are filled with white calcite (Czarnocki 1923, 1952, Kotański 1959, Kozłowski et al 1971, Peszat 1980, Bromowicz & Figarska-Warchoł 2012.…”

Section: Historical Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Black "marble" in the Polish architecture - characteristics and possibility of its provenance determination: the case of the Dębnik limestone

Marszałek

2014

geol

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Black limestone, also known as black "marble", was widely used in the Polish small-scale architecture and art of the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Besides the Devonian limestone from Dębnik near Krakow, also popular were the Netherlandish (Wallonian), Devonian to Carboniferous limestones from the Meuse River and Schelde River valleys. This paper deals with the possibility of identifying the rocks imported to Poland. Macroscopic similarities between the Netherlandish rocks and some Dębnik limestones have been highlighted for the oldest Carmelite quarry in Dębnik, exploiting the best stones. The analyses include: optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with EDS, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and isotope ratio mass spectrometry ( 13 C and 18 O stable isotopes). Carboniferous limestones from Netherlands can be identified within and distinguished from the Dębnik limestone in the macroscopic observations. Differences, depending on the varieties, are associated primarily with the presence of white calcite fragments of fossils, calcite veins intersecting the rock in all directions or hardness of the limestones. Deeply black Devonian limestones from Wallonia and Dębnik without macrofossils and calcite veins differ in microscopic observations considering their texture, type of microfossils and inventory of non-carbonate components. The characteristic graying and whitening of the black limestones has also been discussed as a possible feature of rock provenance.

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Kamienie dekoracyjne i architektoniczne południowo-wschodniej Polski – złoża, zasoby i perspektywy eksploatacji

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Archives of Mining Sciences

Black "marble" in the Polish architecture - characteristics and possibility of its provenance determination: the case of the Dębnik limestone

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