Kappa-carrageenan as immunostimulant to control infectious myonecrosis (IMN) disease in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract

This study evaluated the modulation of non-specific immune response, growth, and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei against infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). The first stage of this study evaluated the different dose of k-carrageenan administration i.e. 5, 10, and 15 g/kg feed for four weeks of rearing period, while the later studied evaluated about the frequency of administration i.e. daily, seven days interval, and 14-days interval for five weeks of rearing period. Both stages had positive and negative control and performed in complete randomized design. The parameters of observation consisted of immune parameters, clinical symptoms, growth, and survival. Shrimp were fed three times a day at feeding rate of 4-5% of body weight/day. IMNV Challenge test was performed by feeding the shrimp via oral route at a level 10% of body weight for three consecutive days, followed by 14-days observation. The results showed that shrimp administered with k-carrageenan at a concentration of 15 g/kg feed showed the best performance of all concentration tested. The shrimp's haemocyte count, phagocytes activity, phenoloxidase activity, and relative growth were 12±0.72×10 6 cell/mL; 34.67±0.58%; 0.511±0.10; and 86.15% respectively. After challenged, the survival was 85±7.07%. Moreover, application in 14 days at 7-days interval gave 88.57% relative growth and 93±5,8% survival, which were higher than other treatments. The administration of k-carrageenan at concentration of 15 g/kg with 14 days interval on white shrimp juveniles showed higher immunostimulatory effect and better protection against IMNV. Keywords: kappa-carrageenan, immunostimulant, IMNV, Litopenaeus vannamei ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mempelajari pemberian kappa-karagenan dalam memodulasi respons imun nonspesifik, pertumbuhan, dan resistensi udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei terhadap infeksi infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Tahap pertama mengetahui dosis pemberian k-karagenan sebesar 5, 10, dan 15 g/kg pakan selama empat minggu pemeliharaan, sedangkan tahap kedua mengevaluasi frekuensi pemberian k-karagenan, yaitu setiap hari, tujuh hari, dan 14 hari secara berulang dengan interval tujuh hari selama lima minggu pemeliharaan. Kedua tahap penelitian menggunakan kontrol positif dan negatif dalam rancangan acak lengkap. Parameter pengamatan terdiri atas respons imun, gejala klinis, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup udang vaname. Udang diberi makan tiga kali sehari dengan FR 4-5% biomassa/hari. Infeksi IMNV dilakukan secara oral sebesar 10% biomassa selama tiga hari berturut-turut, dan diamati selama 14 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa udang yang diberikan k-karagenan 15 g/kg pakan memperoleh hasil terbaik. Total hemosit, aktivitas fagositosis, aktivitas phenoloxidase, dan pertumbuhan relatif udang masing-masing adalah 12±0,72×10 6 sel/mL; 34,67±0,58%; 0,511±0,10 dan 86,15%, dengan kelangsungan hidup udang setelah diinfeksi IMNV sebesar 85±7,07%. Frekuensi pemberian 14 hari secara berulang dengan interval tujuh hari memberikan hasil...

Valorization of the chemical diversity of the tropical red seaweeds Acanthophora and Kappaphycus and their applications in aquaculture: A review

“…Other studies showed a boost in the immunological response of shrimps and fishes when supplemented with k-carrageenan in their diet. An improved immunological activity and pathogen resistance of L. vannamei against the infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) (Febriani and Nuryati, 2013) and of P. monodon against Vibrio harveyi (Traifalgar et al, 2013) were reported after feeding at 1.5% and 0.2% of k-carrageenan, respectively. An improved growth, survival rate and immunological response of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was observed by increasing the expression of immune-related genes including transferrin, IL-1b and appetite-related gene GH after administration of 0.5% of kcarrageenan (Villamil et al, 2019).…”

Extract of seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa as immunostimulant to controlling white spot disease in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

“…A cellular immune response in shrimp in response to foreign objects is through the mechanism of phagocytosing. A gain in phagocytic activity in shrimp also occurred in some research post challenge test as shrimp defense mechanism (Jasmanindar, 2009;Febriani et al, 2013). During the phagocytosis, virus particles will be recognized by receptors on the surface of the cells and swallowed by cells that carry out cytoskeleton re-preparation for phagosome formation.…”

Seaweed extract of Gracilaria verrucosa as an antibacterial and treatment against Vibrio harveyi infection of Litopenaeus vannamei

“…During the process of phagocytosis, the foreign particles or bacteria will be recognized by the receptors on the cell surface, then deleting by cells that rearrange the cytoskeleton for the formation of phagosomes. The previous study has suggested an increase in phagocytosis activity in shrimp also occurs after the challenge test as a shrimp defense mechanism (Febriani et al, 2013). Wongprasert et al (2014) that polysaccharides of seaweed can stimulate non-specific immune systems, in this case, phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity through the interaction mechanisms of polysaccharide molecules with receptormediated surfaces.…”