Karstic problems in the construction of Milwaukee?s Deep Tunnels

Day, Mick

doi:10.1007/s00254-003-0945-4

Cited by 73 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Marinos, 2001;Lolcama et al, 2002;Waltham and Fookes, 2003;Day, 2004;Xeidakis et al, 2004;Casagrande et al, 2005). Problems are not only related to engineering constructions such as tunnels, buildings or dams but also concern the management and protection of karst groundwater that is in many parts of the world an important or even the only resource of groundwater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of inception horizons in karst conduit networks

2009

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of inception horizons in karst conduit networks

2009

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“…When the water is contaminated, its rehabilitation is a hard and time-consuming project (Lolcama et al 2002;Day 2004;Lang et al 2006;Filipponi et al 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Contamination in Dumps on the Karstic Areas from the Plateaus (Southeast of Madrid, Spain)

García

González

Rubio

et al. 2011

Water Air Soil Pollut

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After over 10 years of accumulation of residues in the studied dumps near Madrid, it has been registered low or moderate heavy metals concentrations on the surrounding area. Only occasionally, some rubbish dumps contain significant quantities of Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb. The concentration levels of Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu are safe when they are compared with the surrounding areas levels of heavy metals. The aim of this paper is the analysis of pollutants existing around in the dumps located at the sides of the plateaus of the central valley of the Tajo River (provinces of Madrid and Toledo, Spain). The high karstification rate of the upper layer of these tablelands and the existence of numerous dumps on them (even on their slopes) make these areas vulnerable to heavy metal pollution. However, after several years of use, the concentration of pollutants only reaches moderate values in the studied areas. Dumping materials were collected at four rubbish dumps. The mineralogical composition of the materials were analysed by XRD. Sequential extraction procedure was applied for speciation of the metal forms in the collected samples. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr and Cd in extracts were determined by AAS. The studied samples showed high carbonate concentration. Contamination processes are combined there with weathering processes. Heavy metals concentration in control samples (gypsum, limestones, red soils and colluviums) were compared with samples of the studied dump in order to evaluate the pollution level. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu were variable. The contamination was elevated for samples in depth in relation with weathering process of heavy metals.

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“…Groundwater inrushes into tunnels imply a risk for the workmen and machines, especially if these inrushes occur unexpectedly and at high pressures and/or flow rates. Groundwater can also lower the stability of the tunnel face and increase the construction time and costs (Cesano et al 2000;Day 2004; Lee et al 2003), or even cause collapse (Tseng et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using tracer tests and hydrological observations to evaluate effects of tunnel drainage on groundwater and surface waters in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

2008

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The impact of a railway tunnel on groundwater and surface waters in the Northern Apennines (Italy) was demonstrated and characterised by multi-tracer tests and hydrological observations. The 15-km-long Firenzuola tunnel crosses turbidite marls and sandstones previously not considered as aquifers. During the drilling, water inrushes occurred at fracture zones, and the tunnel still continues to drain the aquifer. The water table dropped below the level of the valleys, and gaining streams transformed into losing streams or ran completely dry, as did many springs, causing severe damage to the aquatic fauna and other elements of the ecosystem. Two multitracer tests, each using uranine and sulforhodamine G, were carried out in two impacted catchments in order to confirm and quantify the stream-aquifer-tunnel interrelations. The results proved connection between losing streams and numerous water inlets in the tunnel, with maximum linear distances of 1.4 km and velocities up to 135 m/d. Several of the demonstrated flowpaths pass under previous groundwater divides (mountain ridges), proving that the tunnel has completely modified the regional flow system. Water balance estimations demonstrate that the observed water losses cannot be explained by climate change but can largely be attributed to the tunnel drainage.

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Karstic problems in the construction of Milwaukee?s Deep Tunnels

Cited by 73 publications

References 10 publications

Evidence of inception horizons in karst conduit networks

Evidence of inception horizons in karst conduit networks

Soil Contamination in Dumps on the Karstic Areas from the Plateaus (Southeast of Madrid, Spain)

Using tracer tests and hydrological observations to evaluate effects of tunnel drainage on groundwater and surface waters in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

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