Karyological and bioinformatic data on the common chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon

Sidhom, Marwa; Saïd, Khaled; Chatti, Noureddine; Guarino, Fabio Maria; Odierna, Gaëtano; Petraccioli, Agnese; Picariello, Orfeo; Mezzasalma, Marcello

doi:10.1016/j.dib.2020.105640

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Male heterogamety is the only currently known sex determination system in Dibamidae, Pygopodidae, Gymnophthalmidae, Teiidae and most Iguania families, with the exception of Chamaeleonidae and Iguanidae where it co-occurs with female heterogamety and TSD ( Figure 2 and Supplementary Materials Table S1 ). In particular, male heterogamety in chameleons has been documented to date only in Chamaeleo chamaeleon and C. calyptratus , using a combination of molecular and cytogenetic techniques which were able to identify a homomorphic XX/XY system [ 13 , 99 , 150 ]. In turn, female heterogamety is the only known sex determination system in Xantusidae, Bipididae and Helodermatidae ( Figure 2 and Supplementary Materials Table S1 ).…”

Section: Sex Chromosome Diversity In Lizards: Qualitative and Quantitative Distribution Of Available Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Lizards as Model Organisms of Sex Chromosome Evolution: What We Really Know from a Systematic Distribution of Available Data?

Mezzasalma

Guarino

Odierna

2021

Genes

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Lizards represent unique model organisms in the study of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution. Among tetrapods, they are characterized by an unparalleled diversity of sex determination systems, including temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) and genetic sex determination (GSD) under either male or female heterogamety. Sex chromosome systems are also extremely variable in lizards. They include simple (XY and ZW) and multiple (X1X2Y and Z1Z2W) sex chromosome systems and encompass all the different hypothesized stages of diversification of heterogametic chromosomes, from homomorphic to heteromorphic and completely heterochromatic sex chromosomes. The co-occurrence of TSD, GSD and different sex chromosome systems also characterizes different lizard taxa, which represent ideal models to study the emergence and the evolutionary drivers of sex reversal and sex chromosome turnover. In this review, we present a synthesis of general genome and karyotype features of non-snakes squamates and discuss the main theories and evidences on the evolution and diversification of their different sex determination and sex chromosome systems. We here provide a systematic assessment of the available data on lizard sex chromosome systems and an overview of the main cytogenetic and molecular methods used for their identification, using a qualitative and quantitative approach.

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Section: Sex Chromosome Diversity In Lizards: Qualitative and Quantitative Distribution Of Available Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Lizards as Model Organisms of Sex Chromosome Evolution: What We Really Know from a Systematic Distribution of Available Data?

Mezzasalma

Guarino

Odierna

2021

Genes

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“…The comparative analysis of differences in sex-speci c genes across chameleons (Fig. 4; Table S4) and the previous knowledge on XX/XY sex chromosomes in the genus Chamaeleo (Nielsen et al 2018, Sidhom et al 2020 suggest that there was a turnover of sex chromosomes or their two independent origins within chameleons in the past 45 million years (dating following Zheng and Wiens 2016). At the same time, our analysis con rms that the minimal age of the sex chromosomes of the Furcifer chameleons is around 20 MY, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…To our knowledge, sex chromosomes have been identi ed only in eight species of chameleons. Poorly differentiated XX/XY sex chromosomes were detected by Restriction site-Associated DNA sequencing in the velvet chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus (Nielsen et al 2018), and the sex linkage of the revealed male-speci c marker was later con rmed and physically mapped to a macrochromosome also in the congeneric common chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Sidhom et al 2020). On the other hand, six species of the genus Furcifer share female heterogamety with easily cytogenetically identi able, partially heterochromatic W chromosomes (Rovatsos et al 2015a(Rovatsos et al , 2019b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes sharing gene content with mammalian XX/XY are conserved in Madagascan chameleons of the genus Furcifer

Rovatsos,

Mazzoleni,

Augstenová

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Chameleons are well-known lizards with unique morphology and physiology, but their sex determination has remained poorly studied. Madagascan chameleons of the genus Furcifer have cytogenetically distinct Z and W sex chromosomes and occasionally Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W multiple neo-sex chromosomes. To identify the gene content of their sex chromosomes, we microdissected and sequenced the sex chromosomes of F. cf. oustaleti (ZZ/ZW) and F. pardalis (Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W). In addition, we sequenced the genomes of a male and a female of F. lateralis (ZZ/ZW) and F. pardalis and performed a comparative coverage analysis between the sexes. Despite the notable heteromorphy and distinctiveness in heterochromatin content, the Z and W sex chromosomes share approximately 90% of their gene content. This finding demonstrates poor correlation of the degree of differentiation of sex chromosomes at the cytogenetic and sequence level. The test of homology based on the comparison of gene copy number variation revealed that female heterogamety with differentiated sex chromosomes remained stable in the genus Furcifer for at least 20 million years. These chameleons co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes the same genomic region as viviparous mammals, lacertids and geckos of the genus Paroedura, which makes these groups excellent model for studies of convergent and divergent evolution of sex chromosomes.

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Comparison of non-synonymous/synonymous (dN/dS) ratios shows little evidence for a faster-Z effect in Furcifer chameleons after controlling for gene-specific evolutionary rates

Andjel,

Kratochvíl,

Rovatsos

2024

Journal of Heredity

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The faster-X/Z effect hypothesis states that genes linked to X/Z chromosomes should accumulate mutations faster than autosomal genes. Although faster evolution of X/Z-linked genes has been reported in several plant and animal lineages, conflicting results have been reported in others. We examined the faster-Z effect in chameleons of the genus Furcifer, a lineage with differentiated ZZ/ZW chromosomes for at least 20 million years. We sequenced the genomes of four species of Furcifer chameleons in the Illumina platform and compared the substitution rates of synonymous and non-synonymous mutations and their ratios among autosomal, Z-specific, and pseudoautosomal protein-coding genes. The inclusion of two chameleon outgroups lacking the differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes allowed us to control for gene-specific evolutionary rates that might confound the testing of the faster-X/Z effect. Significant differences in evolutionary rates were found between autosomal, Z-specific, and pseudoautosomal genes of Furcifer chameleons. However, the inclusion of the outgroups with different sex chromosomes suggests that these genes had different evolutionary rates prior to their incorporation into the differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes of the Furcifer genus. The results highlight the need to control for differences in the evolutionary rates of individual genes when testing for the faster X/Z effect.

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Karyological and bioinformatic data on the common chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Lizards as Model Organisms of Sex Chromosome Evolution: What We Really Know from a Systematic Distribution of Available Data?

Lizards as Model Organisms of Sex Chromosome Evolution: What We Really Know from a Systematic Distribution of Available Data?

Heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes sharing gene content with mammalian XX/XY are conserved in Madagascan chameleons of the genus Furcifer

Comparison of non-synonymous/synonymous (dN/dS) ratios shows little evidence for a faster-Z effect in Furcifer chameleons after controlling for gene-specific evolutionary rates

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