Keberlanjutan Inovasi Teknologi Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut : Prospek, Kendala dan Implementasi

Abstract

<p><strong>Abstrak. </strong>Masalah pangan yang dihadapi semakin berat dan kompleksnya ditengah semakin meningkatnya jumlah populasi penduduk dan konversi lahan. Sejak tahun 2018 melalui Program UPSUS PAJALE dan Program SERASI pemerintah di bawah Kementerian Pertanian berupaya meningkatkan produksi pangan, khsusunya beras secara nasional. Dari luas 20,11 juta hektar lahan rawa pasang surut berpotensi sebagai sumber produksi padi seluas 9,53 juta hektar. Jika 50% saja dari lahan yang cocok tersebut dimanfaatkan, maka dapat dihasilkan sekitar 14,295 juta ton GKG per tahun. Dukungan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi untuk pengembangan lahan rawa pasang surut hasil penelitian dan pengkajian cukup tersedia, baik dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas dan produksi maupun peningkatan kapasitas dan kelembagaan petani. Implementasi hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut dalam skala luas (<em>scalling up</em>) memerlukan dukungan pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dalam meningkatkan produksi tanaman pangan, khususnya padi diperlukan 10 komponen teknologi meliputi : (1) pengelolaan air, (2) penyiapan lahan dan, (3) pengolahan tanah, (4) penataan lahan, (5) ameliorasi, (6) pemupukan, (7) penggunaan varietas adaptif, (8) sistem tanam dan jarak tanam, (9) pengendalian hama dan penyakit tanaman, dan (10) panen dan pasca panen. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengemukakan tentang perspektif keberlanjutan dari inovasi teknologi lahan rawa pasang surut terkait dengan potensi dan kendalanya dalam implementasi ke depan. Masalah pokok yang menghambat implementasi teknologi terdiri paling tidak atas tiga hal yaitu (1) kesesuaian teknis dari teknologi tersebut dengan kemampuan teknis petani, (2) kesesuaian teknis dari teknologi tersebut dengan sosial budaya petani setempat, (3) dukungan dari aspek kelembagaan petani dan pemerintah, termasuk pemerintah daerah. Keberlanjutan inovasi teknologi pertanian lahan rawa pada umumnya paling tidak ditentukan minimal oleh tiga aspek atau dimensi, yaitu aspek ekonomi, sosial dan aspek lingkungan. Secara garis besar, maka implementasi keberlanjutan teknologi pengembangan rawa, termasuk keberhasilan Program SERASI hanya dapat dicapai melalui (1) penyiapan infrastruktur pengelolaan air yang tepat sebagai kunci; (2) paket teknologi yang lengkap dan spesifik lokasi dari komponen teknologi penyiapan bibit, penyemaian sampai komponen pasca-panen (pengemasan), dan (3) model kelembagaan menyeluruh dari penyuluhan, permodalan, pengelolaan air, budidaya, pengolahan hasil, pemasaran, dan penyediaan sarana dan prarana produksi, termasuk alsintan. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract. </strong></p><p>The problem of food faced is increasingly heavy and complex amidst the increasing population and land conversion. Since 2018 through the UPSUS PAJALE Program and the SERASI Program the government under the Ministry of Agriculture has sought to increase food production, especially rice nationally. Of the total 20.11 million hectares of tidal swamp land potentially as a source of rice production, 9.53 million hectares. If only 50% of the suitable land is utilized, it can produce around 14,295 million tons per year. The support of science and technology for the development of tidal swamp land from the results of research and studies is quite available both in an effort to increase productivity and production and increase the capacity and institutional capacity of farmers. In the implementation of scaling up results, the support of the central and regional governments is needed. The results of the research in increasing food crop production, especially rice showed that 10 components of technology were needed including : (1) water management, (2) land preparation and, (3) soil management, (4) land management, (5) amelioration, (6) fertilization , (7) use of adaptive varieties, (8) planting systems and spacing, (9) control of plant pests and diseases, and (10) harvest and post-harvest. This paper aims to suggest the sustainability perspective of tidal swamp technology innovation related to the potential and constraints in future implementation. The main problems that hinder the implementation of technology comprise at least three things, namely (1) the technical suitability of the technology with the farmers' technical capabilities, (2) the technical suitability of the technology with the local socio-cultural farmers, (3) support from the institutional and farm , including local government. The sustainability of technological innovation in swamp farming in general is at least determined by at least three aspects or dimensions, namely economic, social and environmental aspects. Broadly speaking, the implementation of the sustainability of swamp development technology, including the success of the SERASI Program can only be achieved through (1) the preparation of appropriate water management infrastructure; (2) complete and site-specific technology packages from the components of seedling preparation technology, seeding to post-harvest components (packaging), and (3) a comprehensive institutional model of extension, capital, water management, cultivation, yield processing, marketing, and provision facilities and production facilities, including Alsintan.</p>

Pengaruh pemupukan P dan populasi jagung dengan tumpang sari kedelai pada budidaya jenuh air di lahan pasang surut

“…Kebutuhan pangan yang meningkat sedangkan lahan-lahan pertanian di Pulau Jawa menurun akibat perubahan penggunaan lahan ke sektor nonpertanian maka lahan pasangsurut menjadi alternatif untuk pengembangan pertanian (Suwanda & Noor, 2014). Dari data BBSDLP (2014) ketersediaan lahan pasang surut mencapai 20,1 juta ha di Indonesia, ketersediaan lahan tersebut menjadi peluang besar untuk menerapkan budidaya jenuh air.…”

Seventy Years of Rice Crop Cultivation in Tidal Swampland: Potential, Constraints, and Limitations

“…In addition, the potential for horticultural and plantation crops is about 0.519 million ha and 0.124 million ha, respectively (Table 4). Diversification of crop commodities to increase production and income in tidal swamp land is potentially through a Surjan system and proper water management in integrated farming of various food commodities such as rice, secondary crops, vegetables, fruits, coconut, livestock, and fish [12][13][14].…”

“…Climate change causes an increase in air temperature, an increase in sea level, changes in rain patterns, and an increase in the frequency of extreme climate events [30]. Various studies have shown that climate change has caused a decrease in productivity and crop production due to an increase in air temperature, flooding, drought, the intensity of pest and disease attacks, and degradation in the quality of agricultural products [14].…”

Using mung bean as a trap crop and biopesticide for control of soybean pest

“…Indonesia has a tidal area of 20.1 million ha [1]. This land is spread across Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua [2]; and is suitable for developing food crops, including soybeans.…”