Keggin-type polyoxometalate-based crown ether complex for lithium–sulfur batteries

Abstract

A novel supramolecular assembly built from Keggin-type polyoxometalates and [18]crown-6 ether building blocks was first applied as sulfur host in lithium–sulfur batteries to resolve remaining critical challenge of polysulfide shuttle effect.

Encapsulating Sulfur into a Gel-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous and Microporous Carbon Sponge for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

“…1−4 These batteries offer numerous advantages, making them an attractive choice for energy storage applications, including their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g −1 ) and energy density (2600 W h kg −1 ), reduced environmental impact, affordability, and improved safety. 5,6 However, the practical application of LSBs is hampered by certain persistent challenges, such as the heterogeneous growth of lithium dendrites, the large volume changes, the intrinsic insulating nature of S (5 × 10 −30 S cm −1 ) and Li 2 S (5 × 10 −13 S cm −1 ), hindering electron migration, causing cathode degradation, and leading to the notorious "shuttle effect". 7−9 To address these challenges, researchers have devised a range of effective strategies, encompassing binder functionalization, 10,11 protection of lithium metal anodes, 12−14 electrolyte enhancements, 15−17 separator modifications, 18−21 and innovative sulfur-fixing cathode materials.…”

Bifunctional K3PW12O40/Graphene Oxide-Modified Separator for Inhibiting Polysulfide Diffusion and Stabilizing Lithium Anode

“…28−44 Hitherto POMs have garnered considerable attention as prospective candidate materials for Li−S batteries. 45,46 In the charging/discharging process, POMs can not only serve as "ion sponges," facilitating the reversible absorption and release of charge-carrying ions but also function as "electron sponges" to enhance the kinetics of electrode reactions. 47 − clusters onto reduced graphene oxide using a poly(ethyleneimine) linker.…”

“…Polyoxometalates (POMs), a class of anionic metal oxide inorganic clusters, have manifold properties and versatile structural motifs. − Hitherto POMs have garnered considerable attention as prospective candidate materials for Li–S batteries. , In the charging/discharging process, POMs can not only serve as “ion sponges,” facilitating the reversible absorption and release of charge-carrying ions but also function as “electron sponges” to enhance the kinetics of electrode reactions . In 2018, Dong et al chose a silver-POM-based Keggin cluster, {Ag I PW 11 O 39 }, as a dual Lewis acidic and basic catalyst to construct a sulfur cathode for Li–S battery .…”

Recent advances in aqueous zinc–sulfur batteries: overcoming challenges for sustainable energy storage

“…Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) possess high energy density, stability, and non-toxicity, making them one of the most promising batteries in existing energy storage system (ESS) research. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Sulfur has a high volumetric capacity (3459 mA h g −1 ) and a high two-electron theoretical faradaic capacity (1170 A h kg −1 ). 11,12 Unfortunately, the Earth's lithium resources are increasingly scarce, causing costs to rise due to insufficient supply.…”