Kell and Kx Blood Group Systems

Daniels, Geoff

doi:10.1002/9781118493595.ch7

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…4 Kell blood group system consists of 35 antigens, including six sets of antigens termed as K, k, Kpa, Kpb, Jsa and Jsb with antithetical relationships. 5 The Kell antigens can be found as early as 10 weeks of gestation in the fetus and therefore plays a significant role in hemolytic disease of the newborn, transfusion reactions and transfusion medicine. 6 Anti-K antibody belongs to the IgG class of antibodies and is usually produced in response to antigen exposure during pregnancy or previous transfusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kell Blood Group Antigens in the Blood Donors Attending Blood Banks of Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.

Fatima¹,

Aziz²,

Rehman³

et al. 2019

TPMJ

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Introduction: Among the complications of blood transfusion, Hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs) and Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are particularly important. Literature reports frequency of HTRs and related mortality up to 1/76,000 and 1/1.8 million units transfused respectively. These hemolytic reactions are caused by incompatibility between the donor and recipient blood and in cases of HDN, due to feto-maternal incompatibility due to maternal antibodies attacking the fetal red cells. Anti-K antibody is the most common antibody encountered in blood banks after the ABO and Rh antibodies. So routine screening and matching of these blood antigens along with ABO and Rh can further reduce the risk of HTRs and HDN. Existing literature on Kell blood system reports varying frequency of K and k antigens among various populations. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Kell blood group antigens in the blood donor population at Shaikh Zayed and Jinnah Hospitals Lahore and the association of Kell blood group antigens with different ABO blood groups of Lahore population. Study Design: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Setting: Research was conducted at the Blood banks of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore and Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Period: 6 months after the approval of synopsis from 15/06/2015 to 15/12/2015. Material and Methods: This study included 192 donors; 96 from Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore and 96 from Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. A written informed consent was taken from every donor. Kell blood group antigens K and k were determined. Results: There were 192 donors, 96 each from Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore and Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Out of these donors 186 (96.9%) were males and 6 (3.1%) were females. The most frequent ABO blood group antigen observed was B, which was seen in 82 (42.7%) donors, followed by O in 68 (35.4%), A in 36 (18.8%) and AB in 06 (3.1%) donors. Kell antigen k was found in 185 (96.3%) donors while K was found in 07 (3.6%) donors. When stratified, there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of Kell antigens between genders (p=0.08) and ABO blood groups (0.09). The frequency of k antigen was higher among those with blood group B (43.2% vs. 17.8%) as compared to A, and the frequency of K antigen was higher among those with blood group A (42.8% vs. 28.5%) as compared to B, however, this was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The frequency of k was observed to be 96.3%. It was higher in donors with antigen B while the frequency of K was found to be 3.6% and it was higher in donors with antigen A.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kell Blood Group Antigens in the Blood Donors Attending Blood Banks of Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.

Fatima¹,

Aziz²,

Rehman³

et al. 2019

TPMJ

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How we approach transfusions in a patient with high risk of alloimmunization from McLeod phenotype

Addams

Hasan

Saifee

2022

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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McLeod phenotype-caused by the missing Xk protein-is a very rare red cell phenotype, one characteristic of McLeod syndrome, and sometimes associated with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Diagnosis of McLeod phenotype is important for appropriate transfusion management, because red blood cells from all healthy donors will have the Xk protein with its Kx antigen and can lead to red cell antibody formation without the ability to find compatible McLeod phenotype blood for transfusion. We offer a review and approach to diagnosis of the McLeod phenotype and special transfusion considerations.

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A Flow Cytometric Study of Reagent Cells to Resolve ABO Typing Discrepancy

Maracaja¹,

Qiao

Salazar

et al. 2020

American Journal of Clinical Pathology

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Objectives RBC alloantibodies can lead to ABO grouping discrepancies unrelated to A or B antigens or antibodies posing challenges in the blood bank testing. Routine blood bank testing and flow cytometry were used to immunophenotype reagent cells and elucidate the cause of ABO discrepancies in two patients. Methods ABO discrepancy was identified in two patients after transfusion with several units of RBCs. For both patients, the pretransfusion type and screen demonstrated blood group A. Eight and 16 days later, both patients showed an apparent antibody to reagent group A cells, which prompted additional study with patients’ samples and flow cytometric testing of commercial reagent cells. Results In both patients’ specimens, posttransfusion evaluation demonstrated an emerging antibody to the Kell antigen (K). The RBCs of both patients typed negative for K, and both were transfused with K-positive RBCs. Flow cytometric analysis of reagent RBCs demonstrated that five of seven lot numbers were positive for K. Conclusions Emerging anti-K antibody led to agglutination of the K-positive reagent A1 cells, highlighting the importance of considering RBC alloantibodies and the composition of reagent cells when interpreting cases with an apparent ABO grouping discrepancy.

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Kell and Kx Blood Group Systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 261 publications

Kell Blood Group Antigens in the Blood Donors Attending Blood Banks of Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.

Kell Blood Group Antigens in the Blood Donors Attending Blood Banks of Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.

How we approach transfusions in a patient with high risk of alloimmunization from McLeod phenotype

A Flow Cytometric Study of Reagent Cells to Resolve ABO Typing Discrepancy

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