“…A significant number of these studies (Chen & Liu, 2011;Elliott & Clement, 2014;Shahbaz et al, 2014Shahbaz et al, , 2016Wang, 2014Wang, , 2019Wang, , 2020Yang et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2019;Sarwar & Alsaggaf, 2019;Qi et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2015Zhang et al, , 2021 have analyzed the relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions in a multidimensional manner based on single country cases. On the other hand, a significant number of studies (Salim et al, 2017;Zhu et al, 2018;Ottelin et al, 2019;Yazdi & Dariani, 2019;Anwar et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2021;Sevinç et al, 2022) have analyzed the relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions, especially in developing or developed countries. In addition to studies on the effects of urbanization on carbon emissions, there are also studies that investigate the effects of carbon emissions and energy consumption on urbanization.…”