Keratinocytes treated with peptidoglycan from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> produce vascular endothelial growth factor, and its expression is amplified by the subsequent production of interleukin‐13

Ruiz-González, Verónica; Cancino‐Díaz, Juan C.; Rodríguez‐Martínez, Sandra; Cancino-Diaz, Mario E.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03924.x

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Despite evidence of an association with bacterial vaginosis, TLR agonists did not regulate LL-37 gene expression in cells derived from epithelia of the lower genital tract. This is in contrast to other studies which have shown that expression of CAMP is increased in response to TLR agonists, including POLY (I:C) and peptidoglycan, in other epithelial cell lines [18], [19]. This suggests different CAMP responses depending on cell type and environment.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Human Cathelicidin Production by the Cervix

et al. 2014

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hCAP18/LL-37 is the sole human cathelicidin; a family of host defence peptides with key roles in innate host defence. hCAP18/LL-37 is expressed primarily by neutrophils and epithelial cells, but its production and function in the lower genital tract is largely uncharacterised. Despite the significant roles for cathelicidin in multiple organs and inflammatory processes, its impact on infections that could compromise fertility and pregnancy is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate cathelicidin production, regulation and function in the cervix. hCAP18/LL-37 was found to be present in cervicovaginal secretions collected from women in the first trimester of pregnancy and to be expressed at significantly higher levels in samples from women with alterations in vaginal bacterial flora characteristic of bacterial vaginosis. In endocervical epithelial cell lines, expression of the gene encoding hCAP18/LL-37 (CAMP) was not affected by TLR agonists, but was found to be up-regulated by both 1, 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25 hydroxyvitamin D3. However, no association was found between serum levels of vitamin D and hCAP18/LL-37 concentrations in cervicovaginal secretions (n = 116). Exposure to synthetic LL-37 had a pro-inflammatory effect on endocervical epithelial cell lines, increasing secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-8. Together these data demonstrate inducible expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in the female lower reproductive tract in vivo and suggest the capacity for this peptide to modulate host defence to infection in this system. Further investigation will elucidate the effects of hCAP18/LL-37 on the physiology and pathophysiology of labour, and may lead to strategies for the prevention of infection-associated preterm birth.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Human Cathelicidin Production by the Cervix

et al. 2014

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“…Ruíz-González et al [27] also showed that keratinocytes treated with PGN increased IL13 production. Stimulation of IL13, a Th2 immune cytokine, led to an increase in crypt cell proliferation and goblet cell size and number via activation of PI3-kinase/AKT [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of peptidoglycan on colorectal tumors and intestinal tissue post-pelvic radiotherapy

et al. 2016

Oncotarget

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Immediate medical intervention is required after pelvic tumor radiotherapy to protect the radiosensitive intestine and also to mitigate tumor growth. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to promote tissue repair processes. Here, we analyzed the effect observed upon combining the TLR2 agonist, peptidoglycan (PGN), with radiation therapy on tumors as well as intestinal tissue, both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to radiotherapy alone, PGN when combined with ionizing radiation (IR) elicited enhanced antitumor effects and also reduced the IR-induced intestinal damage. Mechanistic studies showed that PGN first induced an IL13 response in the irradiated intestine, but was decreased in tumor cell models screened by Th1/Th2 FlowCytomix assay and validated by the application of IL13 and anti-IL13 neutralizing antibodies. Next, PGN stimulated Akt3, but not Akt1/2, as was verified by AKT1/2/3 plasmid transfection assay and in AKT1/2/3 knockout mice in vivo. Akt3 expression was inhibited in 20 μg/mL PGN-treated tumor cells and in 1.5 mg/kg PGN-treated mouse tumor models. However, Akt3 was raised via IL13 in the irradiated intestine and human intestinal cell line after the same treatment. Finally, PGN activated mTOR via IL13/AKT3 in the intestine and restored intestinal structure and function. As an adjuvant to radiotherapy, PGN inhibited tumorigenesis by suppression of mTOR activity. To summarize, the IL13/AKT3/mTOR pathway was lessened in PGN-treated irradiated tumors but was raised in the normal intestine tissue. This distinct effect of PGN on normal and tumor tissues during pelvic radiotherapy suggests that PGN may be a promising adjuvant therapy to radiation.

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“…Our strains were able to produce PG at concentrations ranging from 300 to 410 ng ml -1 . PG at a lower concentration of 2.5 μg ml -1 increased the expression of the LL37 in keratinocytes, leading to a protective effect in psoriatic skin lesions (RUIZ-GONZALEZ et al, 2009). Although a higher concentration of PG is required to stimulate the cellular immunity response and LL37 in keratinocytes, an induction response has been reported via synergism with LTA.…”

Section: Bioactivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Bioactive dairy ingredients for food and non-food applications

Tan¹,

Peh²,

Gan³

et al. 2014

Acta Alimentaria

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Lactobacilli and bifi dobacteria are most commonly encountered in the dairy industries, either existing naturally in milk or inoculated as starters in fermented dairy products. Recent research suggests that fermented dairy products are a cocktail of bioactive ingredients. The objective of our study was to evaluate the bioactivity of cell wall fractions of Lactobacillus and Bifi dobacterium grown in reconstituted skimmed milk, and the possibility of intra-and extracellular extracts of these bacteria for applications in foods and beyond. Intracellular and extracellular extracts of Lactobacillus and Bifi dobacterium showed inhibitory activities against food and dermal pathogens. All strains were able to produce inhibitors, such as organic acids, antimicrobial peptides, diacetyl, and hydrogen peroxide. Most strains showed higher production of extracellular than intracellular inhibitors (P<0.05). Meanwhile, all strains were able to produce hyaluronic acid, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, neutral sphingomyelinase and acid sphingomyelinase at concentrations applicable for cosmeceutical application. Findings from our study demonstrated that inhibitors and bioactives from lactobacilli and bifi dobacteria have the potential to be developed into formulations for food and non-food applications.

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Keratinocytes treated with peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus produce vascular endothelial growth factor, and its expression is amplified by the subsequent production of interleukin‐13

Abstract: These results suggest that PGN from S. aureus can induce LL37 and VEGF expression in keratinocytes, and that this VEGF production can be amplified by subsequent IL-13 overproduction.

Cited by 17 publications

References 45 publications

Human Cathelicidin Production by the Cervix

Human Cathelicidin Production by the Cervix

Differential effects of peptidoglycan on colorectal tumors and intestinal tissue post-pelvic radiotherapy

Bioactive dairy ingredients for food and non-food applications

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