Keto microbiota: A powerful contributor to host disease recovery

Abstract

Gut microbiota (GM) is a key contributor to host metabolism and physiology. Data generated on comparing diseased and healthy subjects have reported changes in the GM profile between both health states, suggesting certain bacterial composition could be involved in pathogenesis. Moreover, studies reported that reshaping of GM could contribute actively to disease recovery. Interestingly, ketogenic diets (KD) have emerged recently as new economic dietotherapeutic strategy to combat a myriad of diseases (refractory epilepsy, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases…). KD, understood in a broad sense, refers to whatever dietetic approximation, which causes physiological ketosis. Therefore, high fat-low carbs diets, fasting periods or caloric restriction constitute different strategies to produce an increase of main ketones bodies, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, in blood. Involved biological mechanisms in ketotherapeutic effects are still to be unravelled. However, it has been pointed out that GM remodelling by KD, from now on "keto microbiota", may play a crucial role in patient response to KD treatment. In fact, germfree animals were resistant to ketotherapeutic effects; reinforcing keto microbiota may be a powerful contributor to host disease recovery. In this review, we will comment the influence of gut microbiota on host, as well as, therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets and keto microbiota to restore health status. Current progress and limitations will be argued too. In spite of few studies have defined applicability and mechanisms of KD, in the light of results, keto microbiota might be a new useful therapeutic agent.

Compositional and Functional Adaptations of Intestinal Microbiota and Related Metabolites in CKD Patients Receiving Dietary Protein Restriction

“…D-alanine metabolism intervenes in the glucose-alanine cycle of gluconeogenesis and participates actively in process of protein synthesis. The ketone bodies are substrates contributing to lipogenesis and sterol biosynthesis in anabolic condition and can also reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and increasing antioxidant proteins to prevent lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation during periods of starvation [38]. Likewise, gut microbiota interacts, through the modification of substrate availability secondary to protein restriction, with the diet leading to metabolic pathway reprogramming and impacting on host functioning to adapt this nutrient manipulation.…”

Distinct Microbial Assemblages Associated with Genetic Selection for High- and Low- Muscle Yield in Rainbow Trout

“…Calcium signaling pathways are associated with skeletal muscle development, maintenance, and regeneration [37]. Microbial synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies (KB), identified in the ARS-FY-H samples, were reported as associated with increased muscle mass in humans [38,39]. Ketone bodies are an energy substrate that supply energy to the brain and muscles, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis through regulation of lipogenesis [38].…”

“…Microbial synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies (KB), identified in the ARS-FY-H samples, were reported as associated with increased muscle mass in humans [38,39]. Ketone bodies are an energy substrate that supply energy to the brain and muscles, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis through regulation of lipogenesis [38]. Arachidonic acid metabolism is essential for the functions of skeletal muscle and the immune system, which might be associated with increased muscle mass and health in the host [40,41].…”

Distinct microbial assemblages associated with genetic selection for high- and low- muscle yield in rainbow trout

“…Genus Fusobacterium with higher abundance in high (ARS-FY-H) muscle yield genetic line is involved in lysine degradation and production of SCFAs [55]. Microbial synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies (KB), identi ed in the ARS-FY-H samples, were reported as associated with increased muscle mass in humans [56,57]. Ketone bodies make an energy substrate that supplies energy to the brain and muscles, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis through regulation of lipogenesis [56].…”

“…Microbial synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies (KB), identi ed in the ARS-FY-H samples, were reported as associated with increased muscle mass in humans [56,57]. Ketone bodies make an energy substrate that supplies energy to the brain and muscles, contributing to the maintenance of energy homeostasis through regulation of lipogenesis [56]. Arachidonic acid metabolism is essential for the functions of skeletal muscle and the immune system, which might be associated with increased muscle mass and health in the host [58,59].…”