Key Design in the Early Modern Era in Europe

Megyesi, Beáta; Tudor, Crina; Láng, Benedek; Lehofer, Anna

doi:10.3384/ecp183165

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The distribution of the above mentioned characteristics of keys over centuries in Europe shows similar results as the pilot study based on a smaller sample of 700 keys described in Megyesi et al (2021).…”

Section: Sample Of Keyssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The plaintext elements can be, among others, alphabetical letters, double letters, syllables, morphemes, words, names, phrases or sentences. Codes can be represented by a wide range of symbols-fixed or of variable length-including alphabetic characters, digits or various kinds of graphic signs (Megyesi et al 2021). Nullities signaling fake plaintext, cancelation signs marking which elements in the message shall be removed, and instructions can also be part of the key.…”

Section: Historical Keys and Some Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Kahn 2008, p. 58) Nothing is known about the number of aperitifs consumed by the historians doing research in the archives, but Kahn's words were not in vain. The proposed project was done by several scholars on the basis of the archival materials of various geographical areas: L ang for the Central European area (L ang 2015, 2018), Lasry, Megyesi, and Kopal did it for the early modern papal correspondence (Lasry, Megyesi, and Kopal 2021), and the authors of the present article provided a first larger quantitative analysis on 700 cipher keys (Megyesi et al 2021) and a more recent, detailed study on the plaintext elements in 1,384 keys (Megyesi et al 2022).…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important conclusion of this article is that no easy typology of cipher keys can be offered, as various innovations and methods intermingled in the diplomatic practice, and thus the evolution of keys was far from being a linear improvement. Megyesi et al (2021) undertook a task similar to that of the present article: a systematic analysis of 700 cipher keys collected at that time in the Decode database (Megyesi, Blomqvist, and Pettersson 2019) focusing on the symbol system, languages, nulls, and code types. A year later, the authors continued with studies of the plaintext entities in nomenclatures encoded in 1,384 keys (Megyesi et al 2022).…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two articles can be seen as previous steps of the present research in two senses: the first being carried out on a limited set of keys, and the second investigating only part of the components of the keys. To our knowledge, the studies by Megyesi et al (2021Megyesi et al ( , 2022 were the first that used large scale statistics to analyze the trends and the morphology of 1 https://www.cryptool.org/en/ct2/ the cipher keys but none of them involved the entire nomenclatures of a significantly bigger dataset, making the present study more representative and exhaustive than the previous ones.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Keys with nomenclatures in the early modern Europe

et al. 2022

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We give an overview of the development of European historical cipher keys originating from early Modern times. We describe the nature and the structure of the keys with a special focus on the nomenclatures. We analyze what was encoded and how and take into account chronological and regional differences. The study is based on the analysis of over 1,600 cipher keys, collected from archives and libraries in 10 European countries. We show that historical cipher keys evolved over time and became more secure, shown by the symbol set used for encoding, the code length and the code types presented in the key, the size of the nomenclature, as well as the diversity and complexity of linguistic entities that are chosen to be encoded.

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Section: Sample Of Keyssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Historical Keys and Some Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Keys with nomenclatures in the early modern Europe

et al. 2022

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Automated Transcription of Historical Encrypted Manuscripts

Antal

Marák

2022

Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications

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This paper deals with historical encrypted manuscripts and introduces an automated method for the detection and transcription of ciphertext symbols for subsequent cryptanalysis. Our database contains documents used in the past by aristocratic families living in the territory of Slovakia. They are encrypted using a nomenclator which is a specific type of substitution cipher. In our case, the nomenclator uses digits as ciphertext symbols. We have proposed a method for the detection, classification, and transcription of handwritten digits from the original documents. Our method is based on Mask R-CNN which is a deep convolutional neural network for instance segmentation. Mask R-CNN was trained on a manually collected database of digit annotations. We employ a specific strategy where the input image is first divided into small blocks. The image blocks are then passed to Mask R-CNN to obtain detections. This way we avoid problems related to the detection of a large number of small dense objects in a high-resolution image. Experiments have shown promising detection performance for all digit types with minimum false detections.

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Unsupervised Alphabet Matching in Historical Encrypted Manuscript Images

Chen¹,

Souibgui²,

Fornés³

et al. 2021

Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings

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Historical ciphers contain a wide range of symbols from various symbol sets. Identifying the cipher alphabet is a prerequisite before decryption can take place and is a time-consuming process. In this work we explore the use of image processing for identifying the underlying alphabet in cipher images, and to compare alphabets between ciphers. The experiments show that ciphers with similar alphabets can be successfully discovered through clustering.

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Key Design in the Early Modern Era in Europe

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Keys with nomenclatures in the early modern Europe

Keys with nomenclatures in the early modern Europe

Automated Transcription of Historical Encrypted Manuscripts

Unsupervised Alphabet Matching in Historical Encrypted Manuscript Images

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