Key role of poly-γ-dl-glutamic acid in immune evasion and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Kocianova, Stanislava; Vuong, Cuong; Yao, Yufeng; Voyich, Jovanka M.; Fischer, Elizabeth R.; DeLeo, Frank R.; Otto, Michael

doi:10.1172/jci200523523

Cited by 190 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This may be related to the presence of various amounts of cross-reacting anticapsule antibodies in some individuals due to prior exposure to other bacteria, as polyglutamic acid capsules are known to be made by Staphylococcus epidermidis (25) and other Bacillus species and organisms (5). Future studies will be necessary to address this point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly-γ-Glutamate Capsule-Degrading Enzyme Treatment Enhances Phagocytosis and Killing of EncapsulatedBacillus anthracis

Scorpio

Chabot

Day

et al. 2007

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The poly-␥-D-glutamic acid capsule confers antiphagocytic properties on Bacillus anthracis and is essential for virulence. In this study, we showed that CapD, a ␥-polyglutamic acid depolymerase encoded on the B. anthracis capsule plasmid, degraded purified capsule and removed the capsule from the surface of anthrax bacilli. Treatment with CapD induced macrophage phagocytosis of encapsulated B. anthracis and enabled human neutrophils to kill encapsulated organisms. A second glutamylase, PghP, a ␥-polyglutamic acid hydrolase encoded by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage ⌽NIT1, had minimal activity in degrading B. anthracis capsule, no effect on macrophage phagocytosis, and only minimal enhancement of neutrophil killing. Thus, the levels of both phagocytosis and killing corresponded to the degree of enzyme-mediated capsule degradation. The use of enzymes to degrade the capsule and enable phagocytic killing of B. anthracis offers a new approach to the therapy of anthrax.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly-γ-Glutamate Capsule-Degrading Enzyme Treatment Enhances Phagocytosis and Killing of EncapsulatedBacillus anthracis

Scorpio

Chabot

Day

et al. 2007

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The function also depends on whether the c-PGA is peptidoglycan bound or released. If the c-PGA is peptidoglycan bound, it may help confer virulence or it can act as a source of glutamate under conditions of starvation (Kimura et al, 2004;Kocianova et al, 2005). If it is released into the environment, c-PGA can help the organism survive under adverse conditions (McLean et al, 1990).…”

Section: Function Of C-pgamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The c-PGA protects the bacterial cells against phage infections and also prevents antibodies from gaining access to the bacterium (Mesnage et al, 1998). Likewise, Staphylococcus epidermidis also synthesizes surface-associated c-PGA (Kocianova et al, 2005), which protects it against antimicrobial peptides. In both cases, c-PGA helps the pathogenic bacteria to escape phagocytosis, hence contributing to virulence.…”

Section: Function Of C-pgamentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications

et al. 2015

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“…After cessation of antibiotic therapy, a sinus tract developed and again the same microbe (Staphylococcus epidermidis) was cultured. 20,21 The decision was made to remove the device but leave the electrode array in the cochlea to preserve a lumen for reimplantation at another time. Three months later, a new device was implanted on the same side.…”

Section: Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cochlear Implantation in Children Younger Than 12 Months

2005

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ABSTRACT. Objectives. As a result of universal newborn hearing screening and improved evaluation tools, many children with severe to profound hearing loss are being diagnosed as infants. This affords the opportunity to provide these children access to cochlear implantation, although medical and audiologic challenges must be addressed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of cochlear implantation in children who are younger than 1 year.Methods. A prospective study was conducted of 18 children who had confirmed severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss and received cochlear implants at our medical center before 12 months of age. The length of device usage ranged from 6 months to 4 years, 5 months. The main outcomes measured were perioperative and postoperative surgical/medical aspects, the InfantToddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale and ageappropriate phoneme, and word and sentence recognition tests, when appropriate.Results. All children had full insertions of the electrode array without surgical complications and are developing age-appropriate auditory perception and oral language skills.Conclusions. Early implantation is feasible and beneficial in some children who are younger than 12 months and should be considered with attention to variables involved in the decision-making process, including possible increased surgical risk, skull size and scalp thickness, and mastoid development. U niversal newborn hearing screening has allowed for the identification of severe to profound hearing loss at birth or within a few months thereafter. Because universal hearing screening programs have been and continue to be established throughout the United States, between 85% and 99% of newborns are being screened for hearing loss within 1 day of being born, with the remainder being tested within the first few months of life. This new population of hearing-impaired infants, who by virtue of the extent of their hearing losses are possible candidates for cochlear implantation, provides new opportunities and challenges.Research over time has demonstrated that the early identification of significant hearing loss followed by intervention procedures, including hearing aid usage commencing during the first 6 months of life, significantly increases the level of language development, speech intelligibility, and emotional stability as compared with children with later identification and intervention. 1-3 On average and over all degrees of hearing loss, children achieve higher levels in linguistic, academic, and social skills when management of hearing loss commences at an early age. Because much achievement in the world is based on linguistic competence, the ability of children to communicate often defines many aspects of their educational and social development. Consequently, the window of opportunity for language learning is critical to overall childhood development. For the most part, those critical years have been determined to be from birth to ϳ7 years of age, by which time the majority of th...

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Key role of poly-γ-dl-glutamic acid in immune evasion and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Cited by 190 publications

References 33 publications

Poly-γ-Glutamate Capsule-Degrading Enzyme Treatment Enhances Phagocytosis and Killing of EncapsulatedBacillus anthracis

Poly-γ-Glutamate Capsule-Degrading Enzyme Treatment Enhances Phagocytosis and Killing of EncapsulatedBacillus anthracis

Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications

Cochlear Implantation in Children Younger Than 12 Months

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