Khirigsuurs, ritual and mobility in the Bronze Age of Mongolia

Allard, Francis; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav

doi:10.1017/s0003598x00114498

Cited by 66 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The Tennessee archaic discussed here represents the middle archaic period, c. 6000 BC-3000 BC (Nelson, 2006). The Mongol Bronze Age Chandman specimen from Western Mongolia, dated around 2600-2300 BP, is also included (Brace et al, 2001;Allard and Erdenebaatar, 2005;Nelson et al, 2007).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alternative view of the peopling of South America: Lagoa Santa in craniometric perspective

Seguchi

McKeown

Schmidt

et al. 2011

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In this study, we compare the craniofacial morphology of four Sumidouro skulls and one Lund skull of paleo South Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil, with worldwide prehistoric and recent human craniofacial metric data, and suggest an alternative view of the migration history of early South America. Affiliations of samples and individuals were examined by the principal coordinate plot generated by Relethford and Blangero's R-matrix method, the neighbor-joining method based on genetic distance generated from the same R-matrix, and Mahalanobis distances and typicality probabilities. For these analyses, we examined certain variables claimed to have been influenced by the environment, such as maximum cranial length and maximum cranial breadth. Although the number of craniometric variables seems to influence the results of the analysis, it appeared to not obscure the ancestral and descendant relationships and regional kin relationships greatly in the instance of this study. Using Howells' worldwide comparative dataset but without the Jomon sample, previous research had suggested that Brazilian Paleoamericans, the Lagoa Santa, were probably closely related to Australian Aborigines and Africans as opposed to Native Americans and Northeast Asians. On the other hand, using multivariate statistics, our results show that Lagoa Santa individuals exhibit stronger morphological affinities with the prehistoric Jomon of Japan, archaic Americans of Indian Knoll Kentucky, Windover Florida, and Tennessee, and recent Tierra del Fuegans of South America, than with the Melanesians and Australians. Moreover, Jomon, Lagoa Santa, and archaic North Americans all display close relationships and ties to each other. This suggests that the early inhabitants of South America were probably not related to Australo-Melanesians, but rather to the Late Pleistocene descendants of Northeast Asians such as the Jomon. Also, they are related to the archaic North American populations and recent Central and South Americans.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alternative view of the peopling of South America: Lagoa Santa in craniometric perspective

Seguchi

McKeown

Schmidt

et al. 2011

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“…2 for location). Prehistoric burial mounds (khirigsuur), which typically date to 2500-3000 years ago (Allard & Erdenebaatar 2005;Wright 2007), are present at both the top and bottom of the scarp. The two khirigsuur at the top of the scarp (labelled 1 and 2) are sited on either side of a stream incised into the scarp.…”

Section: Age Of the Rupturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the khirigsuur are very close to the scarp, and to the incised stream, indicating that both the scarp and the incision existed when the burial mounds were constructed. The grave circles are up to c. 3000 years old (Allard & Erdenebaatar 2005;Wright 2007), placing a minimum age on the scarp. differential GPS.…”

Section: Morphological Dating Of the Egiin Davaa Scarpmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Egiin Davaa prehistoric rupture, central Mongolia: a large magnitude normal faulting earthquake on a reactivated fault with little cumulative slip located in a slowly deforming intraplate setting

Walker

Wegmann

Bayasgalan

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The prehistoric Egiin Davaa earthquake rupture is well-preserved in late Quaternary deposits within the Hangay Mountains of central Mongolia. The rupture is expressed by a semicontinuous 80 km-long topographic scarp. Geomorphological reconstructions reveal a relatively constant scarp height of 4 -4.5 m and a NW-directed slip vector. Previous researchers have suggested that the scarp's exceptional geomorphological preservation indicates that it may correspond to an earthquake that occurred in the region c. 500 years ago. However, we constrain the last rupture to have been at least 4 ka ago from morphological dating and ,7.4 ka ago based on radiocarbon dating from one of two palaeoseismic trenches. Our study shows that discrete earthquake ruptures, along with details such as the locations of partially infilled fissures, can be preserved for periods well in excess of 1000 years in the interior of Asia, providing an archive of fault movements that can be directly read from the Earth's surface over a timescale appropriate for the study of slowly deforming continental interiors. The Egiin Davaa rupture involved c. 8 m of slip which, along with the observations that it is largely unsegmented along its length and that the ratio of cumulative slip (c. 250 m) to fault length (c. 80 km) is small, suggests relatively recent reactivation of a pre-existing geological structure.

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“…The stone Bronze Age monuments of Mongolia include slab burials, mounds called khirigsuurs, and the monolithic deer stones (Fitzhugh et al 2005). These stone monuments are part of an elaborate cultural landscape that included aspects of public ritual and the likely connection with clan and elite lineages (Allard and Erdenebaatar 2005). From southern Siberia, a uniquely elaborate kurgan-Arzhan 1, dated to the ninth century B.c.-provides a striking example of further evidence for well-established social hierarchies on the eastern Inner Asian steppe well before the emergence of the Xiongnu state (Askarov et al 1999).…”

Section: Continuity and Discontinuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certainly, the most obvious derive from a basic steppe economy emphasizing a form of pastoralism that emerged in the Bronze Age by at least 1500 B.C. in Mongolia (Allard and Erdenebaatar 2005;Bold 2001), in combination with varying levels of agriculture (Chang et al 2002: 151;Di Cosmo 1994;Honeychurch and Amartuvshin 2002;Ishjamts 1994: 158;Vainshtein 1980: 164). In order to stress the mechanisms of state formation, aside from these fundamental economic similarities, states emphasized many of the same attributes that foster continuity across significant stretches of time.…”

Section: Continuity and Discontinuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contingencies of State Formation in Eastern Inner Asia

Rogers¹

2007

asi

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Three key themes consistently play a role in the study of early state formation in eastern Inner Asia. First, scholars have frequently argued that China exerted a disproportionately strong influence on steppe polities, serving as a source of goods and ideas for neighboring pastoralist societies. Although Chinese states did very significantly influence steppe polities, interactions were complex and highly variable. Rather than being dominated by Chinese states, exchanges and interactions were often on a level of parity or were under the control of the steppe polities. It is frequently argued that the fragility of the pastoralist economy required steppe polities to acquire agricultural products, which in turn fostered a dependency on agricultural societies in the south. New evidence, however, suggests that the traditional distinction between pastoralist and agriculturalist economies may be insuficient to characterize the complex sets of interactions. Second, steppe polities are often described as short-lived entities that succeeded each other in rapid succession. This description deemphasizes the economic and cultural continuity that transcended the rise and fall of individual political entities. The third theme concerns the construction and maintenance of order. How, in other words, did rulers legitimate their power and maintain political and organizational control of populations and territories? Most interpretations argue that steppe polities looked to neighboring states for the cultural knowledge that allowed them to create and maintain order. That knowledge, however, came from multiple sources—especially the internal traditions that linked successive steppe polities.

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Khirigsuurs, ritual and mobility in the Bronze Age of Mongolia

Cited by 66 publications

References 4 publications

An alternative view of the peopling of South America: Lagoa Santa in craniometric perspective

An alternative view of the peopling of South America: Lagoa Santa in craniometric perspective

The Egiin Davaa prehistoric rupture, central Mongolia: a large magnitude normal faulting earthquake on a reactivated fault with little cumulative slip located in a slowly deforming intraplate setting

The Contingencies of State Formation in Eastern Inner Asia

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