Killing of Escherichia coli by Crohnʼs Disease Monocyte-derived Macrophages and Its Enhancement by Hydroxychloroquine and Vitamin D

Abstract

Article first published online 1 April 2015. Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.

Vitamin D downregulates the IL-23 receptor pathway in human mucosal group 3 innate lymphoid cells

“…59 Notably, 1,25D was shown to enhance bacterial killing of macrophages isolated from patients with CD. 60 In addition, 1,25D induced production of IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-8, but not GM-CSF, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages, which was essential in host defense. 61 ILC3s, as intestinal mucosa-resident immune cells, are crucially involved in acute inflammation, mainly through secreting IL-22.…”

Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator

“…Moreover, vitamin D administration may influence GM composition, and in vitro data demonstrate that vitamin D enhances macrophages’ ability to kill Escherichia coli. [ 48 ]. In animals with vitamin D depletion and the knockout of the VDR, the GM dysbiosis favors metabolic disorders [ 49 ].…”

Vitamin D administration leads to a shift of the intestinal bacterial composition in Crohn's disease patients, but not in healthy controls

“…15,16 Interestingly, stimulation with vitamin D increased the expression of the NOD2 receptor in primary monocytic and epithelial cells, linking the innate immune system with vitamin D. 17 Vitamin D was shown to have an effect on the dendritic and monocyte-derived macrophages cell function. [19][20][21] From a clinical point of view, the administration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitor is associated with higher vitamin D levels in IBD. 18 On the other hand, in CD patients where infliximab was initiated, lower vitamin D levels were associated with a higher rate of clinical remission at week 14.…”