Kin discrimination increases with odor distance in the German cockroach

Abstract

Kin recognition mediates altruistic behavior and inbreeding avoidance in many animal societies. So far, evidence for accurate kin recognition, when individuals distinguish fine scale differences in genetic relatedness, in social insects is mixed. Although this ability should be counter selected to reduce risks of nepotism in eusocial colonies, accurate kin recognition may be beneficial in less integrated societies where genetic conflicts are reduced. Here we show that gregarious cockroaches Blattella germanica discriminate multiple levels of relatedness and identify inherited cuticular odors as potential kin recognition cues. When given a choice between aggregation sites containing either full siblings or less related conspecifics, cockroaches showed an increasing preference for resting with full siblings with increasing genetic distance between stimuli groups, from 50% of choices in the presence of half siblings or cousins, to 60.7% with less related cockroaches from the same strain, and 72.9% with cockroaches from a different strain. Examination of the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of 288 nymphs and their 54 parents revealed that the chemical distance between cockroaches was negatively correlated to their relatedness. Using a Bayesian animal model approach for quantitative genetic analyses, we identified several highly heritable methyl-branched alkanes as good candidates for kin recognition cues. Our results suggest that kin recognition is based on genetically inherited odors in this gregarious insect and highlight mechanistic similarities with nestmate recognition in eusocial species.

Ant cuticular hydrocarbons are heritable and associated with variation in colony productivity

“…Our heritability and selection gradient estimates described above are univariate, rather than multivariate, because mixed models can experience issues with model convergence when a large number of traits are included in one model [58,64]. To also consider multivariate models, we first conducted a principal components analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of our dataset.…”

Subsocial Cockroaches Nauphoeta cinerea Mate Indiscriminately with Kin Despite High Costs of Inbreeding

“…For instance, in the German cockroach ( Blattella germanica ), that live in large mixed-family aggregations [ 44 ], kin recognition enables males and females to reject siblings as potential mating partners [ 45 ], thereby avoiding important fitness costs in the form of reduced offspring production [ 41 , 46 ]. Kin recognition is mediated by the perception of quantitative variations of odour profiles (cuticular hydrocarbons) correlated with relatedness, allowing for the discrimination of fine scale differences in genetic similarity [ 47 , 48 ].…”

Putting the ecology back into insect cognition research

“…Intra-strain (kin) discrimination, however, was only demonstrated later, in studies using wild-caught cockroaches sampled in separate geographic areas, showing that behavioural discrimination is based on quantitative differences in chemical signatures (i.e. cuticular hydrocarbon profiles) correlated with the genetic distance between individuals (Lihoreau et al, 2016b). The potential lack of genetic diversity in lab cultures maintained for long periods of time (highly inbred, no information about genetic background) may be a reason why kin recognition has been observed so rarely in insects (Fellowes, 1998;van Zweden and D'Ettorre, 2010).…”