Kinaesthetic Sensitivity to Passive Movements and its Relationship to Motor Development and Motor Control

Bairstow, Phillip J.; Laszlo, Judith I.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02042.x

Cited by 113 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Previous research has established that kinesthetic sensitivity and acuity improves in middle childhood and continues to approach adult levels during late adolescence (Laszlo and Bairstow, 1980; Bairstow and Laszlo, 1981; Elliott et al, 1988; Visser and Geuze, 2000; Goble et al, 2005; Pickett and Konczak, 2009). However, no consistent assessment protocol has been established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Proprioceptive Acuity in Typically Developing Children: Normative Data on Forearm Position Sense

Holst-Wolf

Yeh

Konczak

2016

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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This study mapped the development of proprioception in healthy, typically developing children by objectively measuring forearm position sense acuity. We assessed position sense acuity in a cross-sectional sample of 308 children (5–17 years old; M/F = 127/181) and a reference group of 26 healthy adults (18–25 years old; M/F = 12/14) using a body-scalable bimanual manipulandum that allowed forearm flexion/extension in the horizontal plane. The non-dominant forearm was passively displaced to one of three target positions. Then participants actively matched the target limb position with their dominant forearm. Each of three positions was matched five times. Position error (PE), calculated as the mean difference between the angular positions of the matching and reference arms, measured position sense bias or systematic error. The respective standard deviation of the differences between the match and reference arm angular positions (SDPdiff) indicated position sense precision or random error. The main results are as follows: First, systematic error, measured by PE, did not change significantly from early childhood to late adolescence (Median PE at 90° target: −2.85° in early childhood; −2.28° in adolescence; and 1.30° in adults). Second, response variability as measured by SDPdiff significantly decreased with age (Median SDPdiff at 90° target: 9.66° in early childhood; 5.30° in late adolescence; and 3.97° in adults). The data of this large cross-sectional sample of children document that proprioceptive development in typically developing children is characterized as an age-related improvement in precision, not as a development or change in bias. In other words, it is the reliability of the perceptual response that improves between early childhood and adulthood. This study provides normative data against which position sense acuity in pediatric patient populations can be compared. The underlying neurophysiological processes that could explain the observed proprioceptive development include changes in the tuning of muscle spindles at the spinal level, the maturation of supraspinal somatosensory pathways and the development of interhemispheric callosal connections responsible for the transfer of somatosensory information.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Proprioceptive Acuity in Typically Developing Children: Normative Data on Forearm Position Sense

Holst-Wolf

Yeh

Konczak

2016

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…Some researchers have questioned the value of research into acuity for passive movements as being ecologically less valid (Elliot et al 1988). On the other hand, using a procedure which does not require active movements has some definite advantages, particularly in testing patients with severe motor disorders (Bairstow and Laszlo 1981). Furthermore, although the nature of the relation between 'passive' kinaesthetic acuity and general motor skills may be unclear (Sims and Morton 1998), the existence of such a relation can hardly be denied.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laszlo 1981, Laszlo andBairstow 1983). Using their Kinaesthetic Sensitivity Test (KST), Laszlo and Bairstow (1985) required subjects to sense the position of their arms, which were moved by the experimenter.…”

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confidence: 99%

Kinaesthetic acuity in adolescent boys: a longitudinal study

Visser

Geuze

2000

Develop Med Child Neuro

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The Kinaesthetic Sensitivity Test (KST) was used to measure the development of kinaesthetic acuity in adolescent boys. Thirty boys were tested longitudinally, at intervals of 6 months, between the ages of 111/2 and 14 years. A second group of 20 boys was tested at the ages of 14 and 161/2 years. The findings were compared with existing normative data on 5‐ to 12‐year‐old children and young adults, and they indicated improvement in kinaesthetic acuity with age. Although the age effect is statistically significant only in the older group, confidence intervals show that the rate of improvement in both groups is comparable to improvement between the ages of 5 and 12 years. The reliability of the test is rather poor. The conclusion is that kinaesthetic development continues throughout adolescence. Further, development is quite robust and detectable even with a fairly unreliable measurement instrument. However, individual assessments should be interpreted with caution.

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“…if one hand is above and one below a table, this tests the egocentric mapping of proprioceptive cues, rather than proprioceptive sensitivity per se). Laszlo and Bairstow have strongly argued that kinaesthetic dysfunction is a major component of the problem in DCD (Bairstow and Laszlo 1981;Laszlo and Bairstow 1983, 1985. On the basis of this work, they have suggested that kinaesthetic training should be employed as a therapy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Visual–proprioceptive mapping in children with developmental coordination disorder

Mon‐Williams¹,

Wann²,

Pascal³

1999

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) occurs in a small but significant proportion of children who present with impaired body–eye coordination and show poor acquisition of motor skills. This study investigated the visual–proprioceptive mapping ability of children with DCD from a small selected group, with particular reference to the use of vision in matching tasks. The children with DCD in this study were significantly poorer than control children on all matching tasks. They seemed to have particular difficulty in cross‐modal judgements that required the use of visual information to guide proprioceptive judgements of limb position. A distinction is drawn between tasks that can be achieved purely through sensory matching and those that require body‐centred spatial judgements, suggesting that it is the latter that posits a particular difficulty for children with DCD.

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Kinaesthetic Sensitivity to Passive Movements and its Relationship to Motor Development and Motor Control

Cited by 113 publications

References 2 publications

Development of Proprioceptive Acuity in Typically Developing Children: Normative Data on Forearm Position Sense

Development of Proprioceptive Acuity in Typically Developing Children: Normative Data on Forearm Position Sense

Kinaesthetic acuity in adolescent boys: a longitudinal study

Visual–proprioceptive mapping in children with developmental coordination disorder

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