Kinematic changes in the undulatory kicking during underwater swimming

Veiga, Santiago; Qiu, Xiao; Trinidad, Alfonso; Suz, Pablo; Bazuelo, Bruno; Cabello, Enrique Navarro

doi:10.1080/14763141.2023.2177192

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Kicking velocities in the dorsal position were in line with values from international-level swimmers ( Arellano et al, 1999 ), but lower than those previously reported for national-level swimmers in ventral kicking, especially in the first kick after the push start ( Veiga et al, 2023 ). The reason may be that swimmers aimed at a deeper trajectory after the wall push-off in order to avoid their feet breaking the water surface in the upkick position.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…As a consequence, they adopted more vertical body positioning on the first kick with maximum inclinations of the leg, thigh, and trunk segments and the maximum vertical amplitude of the body position at that point ( Figure 2 ). Kicking frequencies (all groups above two kicks per second) were greater than typically reported in the ventral position ( Veiga et al, 2023 ). This was coupled with shorter kicking amplitudes and kicking length values for dorsal kicking, unlike previous evidence over 15 m ( Arellano et al, 1999 ) or 25 m ( Alves et al, 2006 ), where no meaningful kinematic differences between dorsal and ventral undulatory kicking were detected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…However, dorsal kicking also revealed some specific features in relation to ventral kicking. At the downkick, swimmers in the dorsal position displayed greater shoulder flexion and lower knee flexion than previously reported for national- and international-level swimmers in ventral kicking ( Arellano et al, 2003 ; Veiga et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…During the kicking motion, swimmers in the present research increased the vertical displacement of joint centres from a caudal to a distal direction (shoulder to ankle), at a similar magnitude as previously reported ( Gavilán et al, 2006 ). The hip angle decreased and the shoulder angle increased from the downkick to the upkick position, with a similar angular displacement of body segments as presented in ventral kicking (minimum oscillation of the thigh and the trunk, and maximum oscillation of the leg segment) ( Veiga et al, 2023 ). However, dorsal kicking also revealed some specific features in relation to ventral kicking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Two-dimensional direct linear transformation algorithms ( Abdel-Aziz and Karara, 2015 ) were used to convert the screen coordinates in real-space coordinates. Reconstruction error was computed using eight control points in the calibration frame not used for calibration purposes, as explained in detail by Veiga et al (2023) . In addition, the intra-observer reliability was tested by repeatedly digitizing the same swimming trial in twenty non-consecutive times with a coefficient of variation lower than 1.5%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Skill, Gender, and Kick Order on the Kinematic Characteristics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming in the Dorsal Position

Veiga,

Qiu,

Trinidad

et al. 2023

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Backstroke swimmers display the greatest contribution of underwater kicking during the swimming race distances, but, surprisingly, there is little evidence of how kicking kinematics in the dorsal position should be performed. The aim of the present study was to examine the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers during underwater undulatory swimming in the dorsal position, with special attention to the swimmers’ gender, the level of skill, and kick order. Forty-one national-level swimmers (27 females and 14 males) were filmed from an underwater lateral view while performing a 25-m backstroke from a push start, and they were divided into fast and slow groups according to their kicking velocity. Direct linear algorithms were employed to reconstruct the two-dimensional kinematic characteristics of the first and final kicks of the underwater section. There were no differences between males and females in kicking performance when data were normalised to the swimmers’ height. However, swimmers in the fast-kicking group were distinguished by a greater kicking frequency (η²: 0.15) and specific segmental kinematics related to a lower knee range of motion. Swimmers decreased kicking velocity (η²: 0.47) in addition to the kicking frequency (η²: 0.31) and length (η²: 0.16), but increased the kicking amplitude (η²: 0.11) between the first and the final kicks. Changes in kicking segmental kinematics were more related to modification in body orientation during the underwater trajectory than to the kicking motion itself. These results provide the first solid evidence of how swimmers should kick for better performance in dorsal underwater swimming.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the Skill, Gender, and Kick Order on the Kinematic Characteristics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming in the Dorsal Position

Veiga,

Qiu,

Trinidad

et al. 2023

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Effects of different initial speeds on subsequent glide and underwater undulatory swimming

Yamakawa,

Nishiwaki,

Takeda

2024

Sports Biomechanics

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Swim start and performance in 50 m freestyle in different age categories of competitive swimmers

Matúš,

Vadašová,

Eliaš

et al. 2024

ppcs

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Background and Study Aim. In international races, the winners are decided by hundredths of a second, which is why the swim start plays an important role, especially in the sprint disciplines. The aim of the study is to reveal the differences in kinematic parameters of start and performance in the sprint 50 m freestyle discipline based on gender in different age categories of competitive swimmers at international competitions organized in Slovakia. Material and Methods. The sample consisted of 180 females and 189 males who were divided into age categories (K1, K2, K3). SwimPro cameras and Dartgish software were used to monitor kinematic parameters. The parameters monitored were - block time (BT), time (FT) and distance (FD) of flight, time (UWT) and distance (UWD) underwater, time to 15 m (T15), 25 m (T25) and 50 m (T50). Data were tested by Shapiro-Wilk, Kurskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test in Statistica 13.5. Results. In the phase above water level, there were greater differences (p<0.01) in females than in males. Inter-sex differences (p<0.01) were evident in FT in K3, K2 and in FD across all categories. In the underwater phase, differences (p<0.01) were evident in both sexes. Inter-sex differences were more evident in UWT (p<0.01) than UWD (p<0.05). There were inter-sex differences (p<0.01) in ST and SD between all categories except K3. At T15, T25 and T50, differences (p<0.01) were most pronounced between K3 and K2, K1 in females and between all categories in males. Inter-sex differences (p<0.01) were also evident across all categories. Conclusions. The study highlighted differences in 50m freestyle start and performance between age groups and gender, so coaches are advised to design training sessions for swimmers separately.

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Kinematic changes in the undulatory kicking during underwater swimming

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Effect of the Skill, Gender, and Kick Order on the Kinematic Characteristics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming in the Dorsal Position

Effect of the Skill, Gender, and Kick Order on the Kinematic Characteristics of Underwater Undulatory Swimming in the Dorsal Position

Effects of different initial speeds on subsequent glide and underwater undulatory swimming

Swim start and performance in 50 m freestyle in different age categories of competitive swimmers

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