Kinematics of cross-country sit skiing during a Paralympic race

Bernardi, Marco; Janssen, Thomas W J; Bortolan, Lorenzo; Pellegrini, Barbara; Fischer, Gabriela; Schena, Federico

doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.07.004

Cited by 27 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the positive correlation found between the two conditions means that athletes skiing faster on the snow were able to obtain better performances also in simulated conditions. Mean speed values obtained in the current study in natural conditions are higher compared to the speed measured during the first lap of a race in a previous study (Bernardi et al 2013); a lower slope (2.5° vs 8.3°) and a shorter time of effort in the present study might explain these differences.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…Bernardi et al (2013) evaluated changes in speed and kinematic parameters during flat and uphill tracks, finding an average cycle duration of 0.98 s and 0.84 s respectively, while Gastaldi et al (2012Gastaldi et al ( , 2014Gastaldi et al ( , 2016, investigated DP kinematics in sit-skiing athletes belonging to different classes using a markerless kinematic analysis. In the comparison of DP technique of different classes (LW10 and LW11) it was demonstrated that athletes kneeling on the sitski (kneeing position) and athletes sitting on the sit-ski with the knees in a higher position relative to the hip joints (knee-high position) had significantly different trunk movement (Gastaldi et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on DP sit-skiing (Gastaldi et al 2012;Bernardi et al 2013) showed that conducting tests skiing on snow (natural conditions) can be challenging in providing precise and comparable results due to the environmental constrictions; therefore it is necessary to introduce standardized test procedures for valid assessment and training. Such test procedures can be conducted in a laboratory, which guarantees standardization, easy access to the athlete, and less technological challenges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Rosso

Gastaldi

Rapp

et al. 2017

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

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Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing Rosso, Valeria; Gastaldi, L.; Rapp, W.; Lindinger, S.; Vanlandewijck, Y.; Linnamo, Vesa Rosso, V., Gastaldi, L., Rapp, W., Lindinger, S., Vanlandewijck, Y., & Linnamo, V. (2017). Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 32, 15-21. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.11 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanics of cross-country sit-skiing in simulated and natural skiing. Thirteen international level athletes participated in a ski ergometer test (simulated conditions) and a test on snow in a ski-tunnel (natural conditions) using their personal sit-ski. Tests in both conditions were performed at individual maximal speed. When comparing the two conditions the main results were: 1) maximal speed in simulated conditions was lower (p<0.05) but correlated well with the natural condition (r=0.79, p<0.001); 2) no differences in pole force variables were found; peak force (r=0.77, p<0.01) and average force (r=0.78, p<0.01) correlated well; 3) recovery time and time to peak did not differ and time to impact correlated with each other (r=0.88, p<0.01); 4) no differences were found in peak electromyography (EMG) and average EMG for Triceps, Pectoralis, and Erector Spinae; Rectus Abdominis did not differ in peak. EMG peak and average EMG of all muscles were correlated between the two conditions (r=0.65-0.94; p<0.05-0.01). Although some differences were observed, this study demonstrated that technical skill proficiency in natural and simulated cross-country skiing is comparable from a force production and muscle activation perspective.3

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Rosso

Gastaldi

Rapp

et al. 2017

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

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“…Thus, it is necessary to focus specifically on gestures performed by disable athletes to point out the cycle biomechanics. Unfortunately, only few studies are related to the kinematics of XC sit-skiers; in particular Bernardi et al [10] and Gastaldi et al [11] are cross-sectional studies conducted during Winter Paralympic Games, respectively in Torino 2006 and Vancouver 2010. Rapp et al [4] performed laboratory tests to assess the muscle activation according to the different sitting position and Rosso et al study [12] the trunk range of motion and trunk flexion was inquired.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the pushing phase in Paralympic cross-country sit-skiers – Class LW10

Gastaldi

Mauro

Pastorelli

2016

Journal of Advanced Research

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“…A successful performance of these athletes needs high level of strength, explosive power, anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity and maximal aerobic power. An appropriate combination of these fitness components (Bernardi, Carucci, et al, 2012) determines optimal results in UB repeated sprints (Rodio et al, 2008) and performances, such as sitting Nordic skiing races, where extremely high values of aerobic metabolism must be maintained for a long time (Bernardi, Janssen, et al, 2012). The present study shows the positive effects of a specific ACE training modality on both all aerobic fitness (AF) components (UB-Tvent, UB RCP -UB oxygen uptake peak -UB-_ V O 2peak ) and total mechanical work in an all-out test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper limb aerobic training improves aerobic fitness and all‐out performance of America's Cup grinders

Adami

Delussu

Rodio

et al. 2014

European Journal of Sport Science

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This research on "America's Cup" grinders investigated the effects of a specific eight-week long-arm cranking ergometer (ACE) training on upper body (UB) aerobic fitness (ventilatory threshold - Tvent, respiratory compensation point- RCP, -oxygen uptake peak - VO₂peak) and high intensity working capacity. The training consisted of sessions carried out for 20-30 mins, three times per week, at an intensity between the UB-Tvent and UB-RCP, and replaced part of a typical lower limb aerobic training whilst maintaining the usual weekly schedule of callisthenics, resistance training and sailing. Seven sailors, including four grinders and three mastmen (age 30 ± 5.5 years, height 1.9 ± 0.04 m, body mass 102 ± 3.6 kg), were evaluated through both an ACE cardiopulmonary maximal exercise test (CPET) and an ACE all-out up to exhaustion exercise test, before and after the ACE training. UB aerobic fitness improved significantly: UB-VO₂peak increased from 4.29 ± 0.442 to 4.52 ± 0.522 l·min(-1) (6.4 ± 3.66%), VO₂ at UB-Tvent from 2.42 ± 0.282 to 2.97 ± 0.328 l·min(-1) (22.8 ± 5.09%) and VO₂ at UB-RCP from 3.25 ± 0.402 to 3.75 ± 0.352 l·min(-1) (16.1 ± 10.83%). Peak power at the ACE CPET increased from 351 ± 27.5 to 387 ± 33.5 W (10.5 ± 6.93%). The all-out test total mechanical work increased from 28.9 ± 2.35 to 40.1 ± 3.76 kJ (72.1 ± 4.67%). In conclusion, a high intensity aerobic ACE training can be effective in improving grinding performance by increasing UB aerobic fitness and all-out working capacity.

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Kinematics of cross-country sit skiing during a Paralympic race

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Biomechanics of simulated versus natural cross-country sit skiing

Analysis of the pushing phase in Paralympic cross-country sit-skiers – Class LW10

Upper limb aerobic training improves aerobic fitness and all‐out performance of America's Cup grinders

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