Kinesin and Dynein Smart Nanomotors: Towards Bio-Nanorobotic Systems

Abstract

The majority of active transport in cells is driven by two classes of intelligent nanomotors, kinesin and dynein. The intelligence of kinesin and dynein nanomotors is the key toward developing intelligent bio-nanosystems for various nanotechnological applications. The first step in this regard is the ability to determine the structure, behavior, and properties of basic bio-nanocomponents, such as proteins. Therefore, in this paper we have described structures and mechanisms of kinesin and dynein protein nanomotors. Kinesin and dynein nanomotors are multi-protein complexes which are responsible for various dynamical processes for transporting single molecules over small distances to cell movement and growth. They convert the chemical energy into mechanical work directly rather than via an intermediate energy. Kinesin and dynein protein nanomotors are self-guiding systems. They have evolved to enable movement on their polymer filaments, either on cellular or supra-cellular levels, to recognize the direction of movement. Kinesin and dynein nanomotors have different properties, but in the cell they are known to cooperate and even to compete with each others during their function. It has been indicated that kinesin and dynein nanomotors can be defined as ideal bio-nanocomponents for bio-nanorobotic systems because of their small size, perfect structure, smart and high efficiency.

Production of heterostructured TiO2/WO3 Nanoparticulated photocatalysts through a simple one pot method

“…The surface area obtained for the reference TiO 2 was 87 m²g -1 , consistent with anatase surface area measurements obtained by the same procedure as reported in a recent work. 3 On the other hand, the WO 3 surface area was below the other samples. This result may be related to the hydrated agglomerates after synthesis, which would reduce its available surface, and this characteristic has been already observed in previous papers.…”

“…First-order kinetic constants for Rho-B degradation under UV light (k'). Sample k' /(min -1 ) x 10 3 ± error limit x 10 3 TiO 2 7,24 ± 0,104 90 wt% TiO 2 17,62 ± 0,792 80 wt% TiO 2 20,71 ± 0,775 50 wt% TiO 2 31,05 ± 6,67 20 wt% TiO 2 19,74 ± 0,487 10 wt% TiO 2 19,57 ± 0,721 WO 3 1,52 ± 0,061 M-50 wt% 2,66 ± 0,036 …”

“…[1] The light-induced charge generation in these materials may lead to oxidizing species and subsequently promote redox reactions, which allow their use in advanced oxidative processes. [2] Despite TiO 2 being the most studied semiconductor in photocatalytic processes, [3] some drawbacks such as its wide band gap energy -which requires UV light for excitation -and a relative fast electron-hole recombination still need be addressed. [4,5] Coupling TiO 2 with other semiconductors has been shown to be an effective way to reduce the recombination rate.…”

Modelling of internal architecture of kinesin nanomotor as a machine language

“…As the current decade is in the middle of the first and second phases of this roadmap, study of the structures, behaviours and properties of basic components for constructing of bionanorobotic systems is essential. One general class of these components is kinesin protein nanomotors that transport cargos within the cell by walking along microtubule (MT) tracks [3][4][5]. Recent research advances on kinesin nanomotor have studied the structure, mechanism and nanotechnological applications of the nanomotor [3,4,[6][7][8].…”

“…Conventional kinesin (hereafter kinesin) nanomotor is a protein dimer with two globular heads connected together via a short and flexible neck linker at the long central coiled-coil stalk region that ends in a tail domain opposite the heads [3] ( Fig. 2).…”