The code for this work is written in Visual C# and is available by request from the authors.

h.r.khataee@griffithuni.edu.au or a.liew@griffith.edu.au.

The majority of active transport in cells is driven by two classes of intelligent nanomotors, kinesin and dynein. The intelligence of kinesin and dynein nanomotors is the key toward developing intelligent bio-nanosystems for various nanotechnological applications. The first step in this regard is the ability to determine the structure, behavior, and properties of basic bio-nanocomponents, such as proteins. Therefore, in this paper we have described structures and mechanisms of kinesin and dynein protein nanomotors. Kinesin and dynein nanomotors are multi-protein complexes which are responsible for various dynamical processes for transporting single molecules over small distances to cell movement and growth. They convert the chemical energy into mechanical work directly rather than via an intermediate energy. Kinesin and dynein protein nanomotors are self-guiding systems. They have evolved to enable movement on their polymer filaments, either on cellular or supra-cellular levels, to recognize the direction of movement. Kinesin and dynein nanomotors have different properties, but in the cell they are known to cooperate and even to compete with each others during their function. It has been indicated that kinesin and dynein nanomotors can be defined as ideal bio-nanocomponents for bio-nanorobotic systems because of their small size, perfect structure, smart and high efficiency.

Movement and shape changes are fundamental aspects of all living organisms. This biological motility results from the biological nanomotors, in particular protein nanomotors. Cells contain a variety of protein nanomotors that rotate (e.g., F0F1-ATP synthase or bacterial flagellar motors) or move in a linear fashion (e.g., the kinesin, myosin and dynein motors). F0F1-ATP synthase is one of the ideal nanomotors or energy providing systems for micro/nanomachines because of its small size, smart and perfect structure, and ultra-high energy transfer efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, we have reviewed the structure, mechanism, and potential applications of the F0F1-ATP synthase nanomotor. In all organisms, the F0F1-ATP synthase consists of two distinct nanomotors, F0 and F1. The F0 moiety is embedded in the membrane and is a detergent soluble unit while the F1 moiety protrudes from the membrane and is a water soluble unit. F0F1-ATP synthase operates as two stepper motor/generators coupled by a common shaft and an electrochemical-to-mechanical-to-chemical energy transducer with an astounding 360° rotary motion of subunits. F0F1-ATP synthase nanomotor may enable the creation of a new class of sensors, mechanical force transducers, actuators, and nanomechanical devices. Thus, the F0F1-ATP synthase nanomotor field has expanded into a wide variety of science.

This paper introduces a new methodology to develop comprehensive structural and behavioral models of kinesin nanomotor within its cell using agent technology. In this work, firstly, kinesin nanomotor is introduced as a physical intelligent agent. Then, we have proposed an agent-based structural model of kinesin nanomotor using composite diagram of Unified Modeling Language (UML). We also introduced its heads and tail as the kinesin's sensors and its motor domain as its actuator. An agent-based behavioral model of kinesin nanomotor was developed using Finite State Machine (FSM) diagram of UML and illustrated the internal intelligent and autonomous decision-making process of the nanomotor. The proposed agent-based behavioral FSM model was verified with its mathematical definitions which developed as Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) and its respective grammar. The outputs of the proposed grammar were in agreement with the proposed DFA model and traced the behavior of the nanomotor in nature. Also, the behavioral DFA model of the nanomotor was implemented as its software agent model. The proposed agent-based structural and behavioral models of kinesin nanomotor introduced the nanomotor as bionanoagent which was able to sense its cell through its sensors, make decision internally, and perform actions upon the cell through its actuator.