Kinetic Changes with Fatigue and Relationship to Injury in Female Runners

Gerlach, Kristen E.; White, Scott C.; Burton, Harold; Dorn, Joan M.; Leddy, John J.; Horvath, Peter J.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000158994.29358.71

Cited by 112 publications

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“…1 Running injuries result from a complex interaction of factors, including insufficient warm-up, running experience, characteristics of running practice and environment, fatigue, and muscular imbalances. 1,2 In theory, the impulsive forces exerted when the foot contacts the ground may also contribute to musculoskeletal injuries. 3 Compared with other movements, the ground reaction forces are relatively small, 4 with magnitudes up to 2.32 3 body weight (BW) and an impact load rate of 113 3 BW/s.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, exhaustive running is known to alter running cadence, step length, and lower extremity joint kinematics. 2 In turn, joint kinematic adaptations include increased knee-flexion angle, [13][14][15][16] altered subtalar-joint pronation, 15 and decreased ankle dorsiflexion at impact. 10,17,18 These joint kinematic changes result in a decrease in the portion of the body mass that is accelerated when the foot contacts the ground (ie, effective mass).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Such changes may increase injury potential, especially in less-experienced runners and runners with muscle weaknesses or imbalances. 1,2 Rehabilitating or preventing running injuries requires appropriate exercise programs. If fatigue causes impairments in joint kinematics, then the aim of exercise programs would be to prepare the runner's musculoskeletal system to withstand fatigue and maintain consistent technique.…”

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Muscle Coactivation Before and After the Impact Phase of Running Following Isokinetic Fatigue

Kellis

Zafeiridis

Amiridis

2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: The effects of fatigue on impact loading during running are unclear, with some authors reporting increased impact forces and others reporting decreased forces.Objective: To examine the effects of isokinetic fatigue on muscle cocontraction ratios about the knee and ankle during running.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Neuromechanics laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Female middle-distance runners (age 5 21.3 6 1.93 years) with at least 5 years of training experience.Intervention(s): Participants ran on the treadmill at 3.61 m/s before and immediately after the fatigue protocol, which consisted of consecutive, concentric knee extension-flexion at 1206/s until they could no longer produce 30% of the maximum knee-extension moment achieved in the familiarization session for 3 consecutive repetitions.Main Outcome Measure(s): Electromyographic (EMG) amplitude of the vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius (GAS), and tibialis anterior (TA) was recorded using surface electrodes. Agonist:antagonist EMG ratios for the knee (VM:BF) and ankle (GAS:TA) were calculated for the preactivation (PR), initial loading response (LR 1 ), and late loading response (LR 2 ) phases of running. Hip-, knee-, and ankle-joint angular displacements at initial foot contact were obtained from 3-dimensional kinematic tracings.Results: Fatigue did not alter the VM:BF EMG ratio during the PR phase (P . .05), but it increased the ratio during the LR 1 phase (P , .05). The GAS:TA EMG ratio increased during the LR 1 phase after fatigue (P , .05) but remained unchanged during the PR and LR 2 phrases (P . .05).Conclusions: The increased agonist EMG activation, coupled with reduced antagonist EMG activation after impact, indicates that the acute decrease in muscle strength capacity of the knee extensors and flexors results in altered muscleactivation patterns about the knee and ankle before and after foot impact.Key Words: biomechanics, muscle fatigue, joint stability Key PointsN After an isokinetic fatigue protocol for the knee-extensor and knee-flexor muscles, participants contacted the ground with a greater knee-flexion angle.N An antagonist inhibition strategy about the knee and ankle was noted, as was a quadriceps-dominant strategy during the preactivation and initial contact phases of running.

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Muscle Coactivation Before and After the Impact Phase of Running Following Isokinetic Fatigue

Kellis

Zafeiridis

Amiridis

2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…The increased magnitude of the vertical impact peak GRF and rate of vertical impact loading have been associated with an increased risk of overuse running injury (Ferber et al, 2002;Gerlach et al, 2005;Hreljac et al, 2000;Zifchock et al, 2006). Evidence also suggests that greater vertical active peak GRFs play a significant role in the risk of overuse running injuries (Grimston et al, 1993;Hreljac, 2004;Messier et al, 1991).…”

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Effects of Velocity and Weight Support on Ground Reaction Forces and Metabolic Power during Running

Grabowski¹,

Kram²

2008

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

111

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The authors are with the Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.The biomechanical and metabolic demands of human running are distinctly affected by velocity and body weight. As runners increase velocity, ground reaction forces (GRF) increase, which may increase the risk of an overuse injury, and more metabolic power is required to produce greater rates of muscular force generation. Running with weight support attenuates GRFs, but demands less metabolic power than normal weight running. We used a recently developed device (G-trainer) that uses positive air pressure around the lower body to support body weight during treadmill running. Our scientific goal was to quantify the separate and combined effects of running velocity and weight support on GRFs and metabolic power. After obtaining this basic data set, we identified velocity and weight support combinations that resulted in different peak GRFs, yet demanded the same metabolic power. Ideal combinations of velocity and weight could potentially reduce biomechanical risks by attenuating peak GRFs while maintaining aerobic and neuromuscular benefits. Indeed, we found many combinations that decreased peak vertical GRFs yet demanded the same metabolic power as running slower at normal weight. This approach of manipulating velocity and weight during running may prove effective as a training and/or rehabilitation strategy.

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“…Increased vertical GRF and vertical loading have been associated with increased risk for stress injury or overuse injury [9][10][11]. Decreasing these loads will allow safe acceleration of functional activity.…”

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Return to sport following hip injury

Draovitch

Maschi

Hettler

2012

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Returning to both recreational and competitive sport requires the patient demonstrate the ability to perform their activity without pain, without compensation and without apprehension. The primary focus of this article will be to provide progressive weight bearing phased treatment solutions and both objective and empirical return to play testing suggestions. In addition to satisfactorily completing the test battery with maximum effort, the patient must demonstrate the ability to meet the demands for competing within their respective sport specific environment. Returning to competition will most likely include early phase movement screening and clinical clearance followed by late phase athletic and field testing. Hip structure will and must influence training program design. It is therefore important to recognize that indications for return to play must not focus on a single rehabilitation or exercise variable, but rather a combination of clinical, functional and sport specific demands.

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Kinetic Changes with Fatigue and Relationship to Injury in Female Runners

Abstract: Habitual female runners appear to adapt their running style with fatigue, resulting in altered GRF. Changes in GRF with fatigue may be associated with lower-extremity running injuries.

Cited by 112 publications

References 24 publications

Muscle Coactivation Before and After the Impact Phase of Running Following Isokinetic Fatigue

Muscle Coactivation Before and After the Impact Phase of Running Following Isokinetic Fatigue

Effects of Velocity and Weight Support on Ground Reaction Forces and Metabolic Power during Running

Return to sport following hip injury

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