Kinetic energy generation in heat engines and heat pumps: the
                        relationship between surface pressure, temperature and circulation cell
                        size

Makarieva, Anastassia M.; Gorshkov, V. G.; Nefiodov, A. V.; Sheil, Douglas; Nobre, A. D.; Shearman, Philip; Li, B. L

doi:10.1080/16000870.2016.1272752

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This would influence circulation patterns and resulting rainfall. Such mechanisms may contribute to the changes in rainfall already noted in various regions, e.g., Brazil and the Mediterranean (e.g., Marengo and Espinoza, 2016;Dobrovolski and Rattis, 2015;Cook et al, 2016); they may also explain the phenomenon of self-perpetuating droughts in the continental interior investigated in recent modelling studies (e.g., Koster et al, 2016). We urge increased attention to the dynamic effects of condensation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

Quantifying the global atmospheric power budget

Makarieva¹,

Gorshkov²,

Nefiodov³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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The power of atmospheric circulation is a key measure of the Earth's climate system. The mismatch between predictions and observations under a warming climate calls for a reassessment of how atmospheric power $W$ is defined, estimated and constrained. Here we review published formulations for $W$ and show how they differ when applied to a moist atmosphere. Three factors, a non-zero source/sink in the continuity equation, the difference between velocities of gaseous air and condensate, and interaction between the gas and condensate modifying the equations of motion, affect the formulation of $W$. Starting from the thermodynamic definition of mechanical work, we derive an expression for $W$ from an explicit consideration of the equations of motion and continuity. Our analyses clarify how some past formulations are incomplete or invalid. Three caveats are identified. First, $W$ critically depends on the boundary condition for gaseous air velocity at the Earth's surface. Second, confusion between gaseous air velocity and mean velocity of air and condensate in the expression for $W$ results in gross errors despite the observed magnitudes of these velocities are very close. Third, $W$ expressed in terms of measurable atmospheric parameters, air pressure and velocity, is scale-specific; this must be taken into account when adding contributions to $W$ from different processes. We present a formulation of the atmospheric power budget, which distinguishes three components of $W$: the kinetic power associated with horizontal pressure gradients ($W_K$), the gravitational power of precipitation ($W_P$) and the condensate loading ($W_c$). We use MERRA and NCAR/NCEP re-analyses to evaluate the atmospheric power budget at different scales: $W_K$ increases with temporal resolution approaching our theoretical estimate for condensation-induced circulation when all convective motion is resolved.Comment: 55 pages, 14 figures; minor revisions after another discussion, see https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-17-AC7 and www.bioticregulation.ru/ab.php?id=h

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mentioning

confidence: 79%

Quantifying the global atmospheric power budget

Makarieva¹,

Gorshkov²,

Nefiodov³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…The meridional temperature gradients are driving the meridional circulations and their related energy transformations (Makarieva et al, 2017). As sharp topographic and thermal contrasts exist, the Antarctic and subantarctic regions are characterised by the very energetic nature of synoptic activity (Simmonds et al, 2003).…”

Section: Trends Of Eddy Energiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lorenz energy cycle: trends and the impact of modes of climate variability

Lembo

Franzke

2021

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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The atmospheric circulation is driven by heat transport from the tropics to the polar regions, embedding energy conversions between available potential and kinetic energy through various mechanisms. The processes of energy transformations related to the dynamics of the atmosphere can be quantitatively investigated through the Lorenz energy cycle formalism. Here we examine these variations and the impacts of modes of climate variability on the Lorenz energy cycle by using reanalysis data from the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JRA-55). We show that the atmospheric circulation is overall becoming more energetic and efficient. For instance, we find a statistically significant trend in the eddy available potential energy, especially in the transient eddy available potential energy in the Southern Hemisphere. We find significant trends in the conversion rates between zonal available potential and kinetic energy, consistent with an expansion of the Hadley cell, and in the conversion rates between eddy available potential and kinetic energy, suggesting an increase in mid-latitudinal baroclinic instability. We also show that planetary-scale waves dominate the stationary eddy energy, while synoptic-scale waves dominate the transient eddy energy with a significant increasing trend. Our results suggest that interannual variability of the Lorenz energy cycle is determined by modes of climate variability. We find that significant global and hemispheric energy fluctuations are caused by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation, the Southern Annular Mode, and the meridional temperature gradient over the Southern Hemisphere.

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“…Among our recent works, Makarieva et al (2015) discussed how the concept of surface pressure gradients driven by surface temperature gradients is considerably less robust than commonly thought. Makarieva et al (2017d) presented "an analytical approach that relates kinetic energy generation in circulation cells, viewed as heat engines or heat pumps, to surface pressure and temperature gradients". Makarieva et al (2017a) discussed how condensation-induced hurricanes relate to the concept of maximum potential intensity of hurricanes of Emanuel (1986).…”

Section: Ciad Heat Engines and Buoyancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comments on “Is Condensation-Induced Atmospheric Dynamics a New Theory of the Origin of the Winds?”

Makarieva

Gorshkov

Nobre

et al. 2019

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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Here we respond to Jaramillo et al.’s recent critique of condensation-induced atmospheric dynamics (CIAD). We show that CIAD is consistent with Newton’s laws while Jaramillo et al.’s analysis is invalid. To address implied objections, we explain our different formulations of “evaporative force.” The essential concept of CIAD is condensation’s role in powering atmospheric circulation. We briefly highlight why this concept is necessary and useful.

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Kinetic energy generation in heat engines and heat pumps: the relationship between surface pressure, temperature and circulation cell size

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Quantifying the global atmospheric power budget

Quantifying the global atmospheric power budget

The Lorenz energy cycle: trends and the impact of modes of climate variability

Comments on “Is Condensation-Induced Atmospheric Dynamics a New Theory of the Origin of the Winds?”

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