Kinetic Investigation for <i>in-situ</i> Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Based on the Pseudo-steady-state-hypothesis (PSSH)

Abstract

IntroductionEpoxidation of unsaturated fatty compounds is one of the main routes to synthesize valuable fatty chemicals for wide range applications, e.g. plasticizer, lubricant, and starting material for various bio-based polymeric materials 1 5 . Unsaturated fatty compounds vary in the form of triglycerides, fatty esters, or fatty acids. Epoxidation reaction with unsaturated vegetable oil triglycerides as starting material is the most common subject in epoxidation that has been intensively explored because it does not require the additional process such as hydrolysis or esterification. Fatty esters or fatty acid are usually employed for epoxidation in order to simplify the kinetic evaluation and to enhance the oleochemical product diversification. Meanwhile, amongst the various unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid is the most frequently used for epoxidation 6 13 .It is commonly known that oleic acid is the most unsaturated fatty acid recurrently used in the wide range of research topics, from agricultural to medical, biochemical, chemistry, and other related fields. The reason behind this fact is based on the nature of oleic acid; it can be found effortlessly in most of vegetable oils and animal fats. The first major source of oleic acid is originated from olive oil which

Mass transfer and reaction rate parameters for the in-situ epoxidation of tamanu oil

“…Notably, the constant k4 is almost identical to k5 across all reaction temperatures, suggesting that the reaction rates for forming side products P1 and P2 are nearly the same. These results are in accordance with those reported by previous research [4,13].…”

“…Furthermore, despite existing literature on liquid-liquid phase epoxidation reaction kinetics [2,11,12], these studies predominantly relied on assumptions of homogeneity or pseudo-homogeneity within the reaction kinetics. A few studies ventured into the exploration of heterogeneous kinetics during in-situ epoxidation of vegetable oils [4,7,[13][14][15][16][17]. However, these studies primarily considered mass transfer calculations under the assumption of equilibrium, represented by the aqueous phase-organic phase equilibrium constants.…”

Chemical Epoxidation of Oleic Acid to Produce Ab Type Monomer for Fatty-Acid-Based Polyester Synthesis

“…However, the optional inclusion of a solvent involves an additional step, where the sample is dried at room temperature to obtain a constant weight. The iodine and oxirane values of the purified sample were evaluated using the standard method based on the previous work [26,27]. After two hours, the reaction was stopped, and a similar purification procedure was applied for the final reaction mixture.…”

“…Conversion is not applied independently due to side reaction interference. In most cases, the decline in iodine number is not always accompanied by the proportional increase in oxirane number [27]. Figure 1 shows the double bond conversion and selectivity for each number of experiments.…”