Kinetic Study of Oxide Growth at High Temperature in Low Carbon Steel

Arreola-Villa, Sixtos Antonio; Vergara–Hernández, Héctor Javier; Solorio-Díaz, Gildardo; Pérez-Alvarado, Alejandro; Vázquez–Gómez, Octavio; Chávez-Campos, Gerardo Marx

doi:10.3390/met12010147

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The two zones that make up the oxide layer are clearly visible. In the literature, a complex structure of oxide layers is often reported, the thickness of which increases with the annealing time [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The molecules of oxygen are absorbed from the atmosphere, react with the iron and nucleated oxides.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Operating Temperature on the Service Life of Aluminum Extrusion Dies

Hubicki¹,

Richert

Łebkowski

2022

Materials

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The article investigates the effect of temperature and annealing time on the surface quality of WNLV nitrided steel used for the production of dies for extrusion of aluminum alloys. Eight annealing variants were tested, differing in the total annealing time at temperatures of 460 °C and 590 °C. The results show the effect of the annealing time on the width of the diffusion layer, which increased with the increasing length of the annealing time. The hardness decreased as the annealing time increased. It was found that annealing of the steel causes its oxidation. The oxide layer formed consisted of two layers, more specifically, an Fe2O3 oxide layer and a lower Fe3O4 oxide layer adhering to the steel surface. The surface of sections pressed on oxidized matrices was tested. The roughness of the surface of the oxide layers was also tested. The research revealed that an increase in the surface roughness of the oxides deposited on the matrices causes an increase in the roughness of the extruded sections. These results can potentially be used to improve the efficiency of the extrusion process and the quality of the extruded sections.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Operating Temperature on the Service Life of Aluminum Extrusion Dies

Hubicki¹,

Richert

Łebkowski

2022

Materials

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“…D50 is also known as the median diameter or median particle size, commonly used to represent the average particle size of a powder. D [3,2] refers to the surface area mean diameter, which physically means the total volume of the particle group divided by the total surface area of the particle group, i.e., the reciprocal of the surface area per unit volume. D [4,3] (volume average diameter) refers to the average diameter with the same volume and number of particles.…”

Section: Characterization Of Na2c2o4-fco (Nh4)2c2o4•h2o-fco and H2c2o...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the processing, storage, and transportation of steel, rust (Fe2O3, FeO, Fe3O4) often forms on the surface [1][2][3]. Pickling, covering the reactions between acids, metals, and metal oxides, is an indispensable and important pre-treatment process in steel processing [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Recycling and Utilization Strategy for Steel Spent Pickling Solution

Liu,

Cao,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Coatings

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Before steel can be utilized, pickling is necessary to remove surface oxidation products. However, as the ferrous ion concentration in the pickling solution increases, the pickling rate significantly diminishes, necessitating the treatment of spent pickling solution (SPS) to mitigate its hazardous effects prior to disposal. Current industrial methods predominantly rely on neutralization and precipitation techniques, which are cost-prohibitive and generate substantial by-products, thus failing to meet environmental protection standards. In this study, a new method, which is based on the formation of FeC2O4·2H2O precipitate in a strong acid solution, is proposed to treat the SPS. Initially, the SPS undergoes a two-step impurity removal process, followed by the controlled addition of oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4·2H2O) to precipitate iron. The resulting precipitate is filtered, washed, and vacuum-dried, and the regenerated acid is recycled back into the pickling tank. When 1 g/10 mL of H2C2O4·2H2O is used, the iron removal rate achieves 60%, and the acidity of the regenerated acid increases by 11.3%. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) characterization showed that the precipitate was α-FeC2O4·2H2O, with an average particle size of about 3.19 μm and a purity of 95.24%. This process innovatively achieves efficient recycling of acid and iron resources, offering a potential solution to the industrial challenge of difficult SPS treatment in the steel industry and meeting the urgent need for sustainable development.

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“…The oxidation rate is influenced significantly by the chemical composition of steel, especially by the elements chromium and silicon [19,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], and experimental parameters, such as temperature [5,19,[21][22][23][24][25][40][41][42][43], surface condition [44], type of gas, and gas quantity. The influence of water vapor and the gas flow rates are explained in more detail.…”

Section: Oxidation Kinetics and Influencing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Oxidation of Steel under Linear Flow Rates of Air and Water Vapor—An Experimental Determined Set of Data

Gaiser

Presoly

Bernhard

2023

Metals

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High-temperature oxidation phenomena play a crucial role in steel production and processing. The development of new alloying concepts, the modification of production routes due to the decarbonization of steelmaking, and increasing quality demands will additionally stimulate research activities on high-temperature oxidation. Within the scope of this publication, the oxidation behavior of an unalloyed steel was investigated by means of thermogravimetric (TG) and metallographic analysis. The TG measurements were performed with a simultaneous thermal analyzer in combination with a water vapor generator and a mass spectrometer for quality control. Experiments were conducted in a temperature range from 900 to 1200 °C under various oxidation atmospheres, containing synthetic air and water vapor, with different linear flow rates of the oxidizing medium. According to the thermogravimetric data, an evaluation method is introduced to obtain direct kinetic data for linear and parabolic scale growth. The influence of the experimental parameters on high-temperature oxidation is discussed in detail.

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Kinetic Study of Oxide Growth at High Temperature in Low Carbon Steel

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Influence of Operating Temperature on the Service Life of Aluminum Extrusion Dies

Influence of Operating Temperature on the Service Life of Aluminum Extrusion Dies

Efficient Recycling and Utilization Strategy for Steel Spent Pickling Solution

High-Temperature Oxidation of Steel under Linear Flow Rates of Air and Water Vapor—An Experimental Determined Set of Data

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