Kinetic study of synthesis of bio-fuel additives from glycerol using a hetropolyacid

Influence of Heterogeneous Catalysts and Reaction Parameters on the Acetylation of Glycerol to Acetin: A Review

“…The authors attributed the low performance of the reaction at low temperature to a low-level formation of acylium ion by the acetic acid, and as the temperature increased, the acylium ion formation also improved leading to high performance. A similar finding was reported using the same type of catalyst but with a temperature of 110 °C as the most desirable [121]. The influence of temperature in glycerol acetylation has been earlier reported in several literature articles [102,133,144,145], and the results obtained were similar to the findings reported above.…”

“…The molar ratio of 4 and 6 did not produce much of di-(35% each) and triacetin (0 and 6%) until at a molar ratio of 8 (59% diacetin and 16% triacetin), which showed that high quantity of acetic acid increased its accessibility to glycerol. This finding was corroborated by Veluturla et al [121] with a maximum glycerol conversion of 98.2% at an acetic acid to glycerol molar ratio of 9 over a similar catalyst. Several literature articles previously reported a similar pattern of increased glycerol conversion with a variant molar ratio [34,83,102,133,145].…”

“…The CsPWA catalyst exhibited good reusability with minimal decreased activity after three reaction cycles. The activity of CsPWA in glycerol esterification was also confirmed by Veluturla et al [121], but the maximum glycerol conversion and esters yield were obtained at a 5 wt% catalyst load. Most of the earlier works prefer the use of lower catalyst loads irrespective of the catalyst used, and the pattern of the results was similar [98,102,133].…”

“…Metals and metal oxides mostly used in catalysis in recent times are multi-metals or multiphase oxides and are of transition metal origin. Because of the synergy of various components, the resultant metals and metal oxides catalysts usually exhibit Bronsted and Lewis acid sites, stability, regeneration capacity, and were found to be active over a wide range of temperatures [120,121]. Hence, researchers have also deployed these catalysts in glycerol acetylation with different findings.…”

Synthesis of Acetin: Bio-Based Additive for Low Sulfur Petrodiesel

“…This effort has been able to increase the efficiency of biodiesel production and turn glycerol into chemical more valuable. Sandesh et al, [9], [10], Veluturla et al, [11], Reinoso et al, [12] have synthesized acetin using esterification of glycerol with acetate acid. Another route to synthesis acetin through trans-esterification of glycerol with methyl or ethyl acetate [13]- [15].…”