No abstract

BACKGROUNDDifferent surgical techniques in the form of tissue or cellular grafting procedures are used alone or in combination with PUVA sol therapy to treat stable vitiligo resistant to medical treatment.

During the twenty-first century, drug discovery is expanding rapidly and a large number of chemical moieties are recognized. Many of them are poorly soluble and hence related biopharmaceutical constraints are to be addressed systematically. Among novel approaches to resolving biopharmaceutical issues, micro- and nano-emulsified systems serve as the best strategy for delivering both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs owing to their greater solubilization and transportation capabilities. Of late, the unique physical and biopharmaceutical properties of these liquid isotropic homogenous systems have gained substantive research importance. In addition nano/micro lipid systems share structural and functional similarity with that of the physiological lipids which offer better tolerance ability in the body. In this context, this article provides information on the historical emergence of particulate emulsified systems, importance and rationale of selection of carriers. It also encompasses the physicochemical principles that are responsible for the elevation of therapeutic outcomes of delivery systems. Detailed and schematic absorption of these drug delivery systems is explained here. Gastro-intestinal biochemistry necessary in the understanding of digestion process, lipolytic products formed, micellar structures, enzymes, transporters, mechanism of cell uptake involved after subsequent oral absorption are also emphasized. In addition, this article also explains disposition and pharmacokinetic properties of emulsified systems with real-time therapeutic research outcomes. The influence of biochemical compositions and biopharmaceutical principles on absorption and disposition patterns of ME/NEs was described in the article for the interest of readers and young researchers.

In continuation of previous investigations in the field of adrenaline-like compounds (1), it was thought desirable to commence on a program of synthesizing diaryldiaminoalkanediols. In the present paper the first attempts in this field are given, involving the preparation of diphenylethylamine types and diadrenaline types.The preparation of both types of these compounds involved the following simple reaction scheme: K2COa ArCOCH2[X + HjNH(CH2)nNHlH + X|CH2COAr ArCOCH2NH(CH2)nNHCH2COArEtOH reduction Pd ArCHOHCH2NH(CH2)nNHCH2CHOHAr Ar = CeH«-, (HO)2C6H3-. = 2, 3 or 5. X = Cl or BrAccording to the above, unsubstituted phenacyl bromide was treated with halfmolar equivalent quantities of a diamine (ethylene-, trimethylene-and pentamethylene-), to yield the corresponding N, N'-diphenacyldiamines, which were then reduced to the corresponding secondary amino alcohols. In the diadrenaline series, instead of the unsubstituted phenacyl bromide, the 3,4-dihydroxyphenacyl chloride was used, which was prepared by rearranging catechol chloroacetate (2), in the conventional manner (3). EXPERIMENTAL Aminations. N,N'-Diphenacylethylenediamine dihydrochloride. To phenacyl bromide 6.6 g. (0.033 mole) dissolved in 20 cc. of absolute alcohol, 2.0 g• (0.033 mole) of anhydrous ethylenediamine was added drop by drop while shaking the flask in an ice-bath. After the addition was complete, the flask was shaken for five more minutes and allowed to stand for one more hour. In the mean time the dihydrobromide of the excess ethylenediamine precipitated out. This was filtered and the precipitate was washed twice with 5-cc. portions of absolute alcohol. Dry hydrochloric acid gas was passed into the filtrate for five minutes, when the solution became bluish green, and to this solution 30 cc. of anhydrous ether was added to precipitate the amine as a hydrochloride salt. After keeping this in the refrigerator overnight, it was filtered on a Jena crucible and the precipitate was washed four times with 5-cc. portions of absolute alcohol. The white residue was washed with 5 cc. of cold distilled water to remove any last traces of ethylenediamine hydrochloride present. The final product was then recrystallized from dilute alcohol.When the reactants were refluxed for one hour on a water-bath, a pale yellow residue, insoluble in both alcohol and water, remained on the filter paper after washing off the 1 Abstracted from the thesis presented by D. Subba Rao to the Graduate School of New York University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October 1948.

No abstract